A STUDY ON ENERGETICS OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Mukerji ◽  
E. J. LeRoux
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Podisus Maculiventris ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Gross Efficiency ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Efficiency Of Reproduction

AbstractBased on bomb calorimeter determinations, the calorific values of four sizes of larvae of Galleria mellonella (L.) fed to nymphs and adults of the predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) increased with increase in larval size. Correspondingly, these values for P. maculiventris nymphs in fourth and fifth instars and adults, male and female, increased when the predator fed on larger larvae. Increases in energy consumption resulted in increases in energy loss due to respiration and egestion for nymphs and adults of the predator. For unfed males and females, calorific values decreased with age, i.e., as initial body energy reserves were used up.No significant differences in mean calorific values were observed for fertile and infertile eggs laid by females reared at each of the four diet levels. This suggests that the amount of energy utilized by females in the production of eggs is fairly constant, irrespective of the amount of energy consumed at each diet level.Energy budgets for nymphs of P. maculiventris showed that gross efficiency of growth for second- and third-instar nymphs was inversely proportional to energy consumed; however, no such relationship was observed for fourth and fifth instars. For males, energy budgets showed that at all diet levels little growth took place during adult fife, with gross efficiency at diet levels 1 to 4 ranging from 0.88 to 2.20%. For females, some growth occurred at all levels of diet during the first 35 days of adult life, mainly as a result of the production of eggs. Gross efficiency during this period ranged from 5.5 to 13.6%. Efficiency of reproduction at diet levels 1 to 4 ranged from 37.26 to 45.35% during the first 35 days of adult life and from 39.46 to 51.16% for the next 20 days.

THE EFFECT OF PREDATOR AGE ON THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS TO THE PREY SIZE OF GALLERIA MELLONELLA

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Mukerji ◽  
E. J. LeRoux
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Podisus Maculiventris ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Predator Satiation ◽  
Attack Model ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine the effect of age on the functional response of the pentatomid predator Podisus maculiventris (Say), reared in a simple glass jar universe on different prey sizes of Galleria mellonella (L.). Holling’s (1959) ’disc’ equation accurately described the predator’s response at all prey sizes up to 50 days of life. For nymphs, the calculated ’rate of discovery’, a, increased as the predator age increased, but the time of handling prey, b, decreased; for both adult males and females, these calculated values increased gradually up to the 50th day. The relationship between predator age and numbers of prey killed, and predator age and amount of prey body contents consumed (food consumption), was linear at all prey sizes, but mainly negatively so. Prey size was an important component of the predation process for all stages of the predator.It is concluded that ’hunger’ is an important parameter of the attack model since the degree of predator satiation bears directly on b-type activities which in turn affects a-type activities. These findings indicate that under field conditions P. maculiventris will kill more small-sized lepidopterous prey larvae than large-sized ones, and that, because of the greater prey defense of the latter, their survival from predator attacks will increase. These actions may be of considerable importance in the survival of lepidopterous host species.

An energy budget for northern pike (Esox lucius)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1968-1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Diana
Keyword(s):  
Northern Pike ◽  
Esox Lucius ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Pike Esox Lucius ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Ovary Growth

Allocation of energy by northern pike (Esox lucius) to maintenance, growth, and reproduction was estimated by a combination of laboratory and field techniques. Parameters were fitted to a bioenergetics model to determine the energy budgets of pike from Lac Ste Anne, Alberta. A poor fit was obtained when comparing the predicted ration and growth (from the model) to the estimated ration and growth (in the field), indicating that estimates for some budget components were in error. Further examination indicated that field ration data were probably inaccurate, and budgets were then calculated avoiding these data. The relative cost of maintenance was very low for age 0 fish (~60%) and increased with age. Relative allocations to reproduction and growth were similar from ages 1 to 3, although the relative energy allocated to growth declined from age 0 to 1. There were differences between energy budgets of males and females; females ingested 1.1- to 1.3-fold more energy annually than did males, and this extra energy was diverted into ovary growth, since total body growth was similar in the two sexes. There were also large differences in the seasonal timing of body and gonad growth between the sexes. Males increased in body energy over the summer and winter, while all testicular growth occurred in August. Females increased in body energy over summer only, while ovarian growth occurred mainly during the winter. Both sexes declined in energy stores over the spawning interval (March to May).

scholarly journals Breeding the predatory bug Podisus maculiventris Say to protect potatoes from Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 03012
Author(s):  
Mariya Nefedova
Keyword(s):  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Podisus Maculiventris ◽  
Artificial Reproduction ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata Say ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Selection Of

The predator Podisus maculiventris Say is a representative of the order Hemiptera, family Pentatomidae. This insect is promising in the battle against the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. For the successful use of P. maculiventris in the climatic conditions of the Russian Federation and other countries where this predator isn’t found, it is necessary to develop methods of its artificial reproduction. The paper provides information on the selection of food based on the use of phytophagous insects and pests. Among the subjects Galleria mellonella L. caterpillars, Tenebrio molitor L. larvae and pupae, Ephestia kuehniella Zll. caterpillars, as well as Zophobas morio Fabr larvae were used. As a result of the experiment, T. molitor was recognized as the most effective insect prey in terms of biological and economic indicators. When using Tenebrio molitor, the imago yield of P. maculiventris amounted to 81.0-90.5%, which was the best indicator in comparison with other options.

Relationships between the sex and degree of maturity of marine crustaceans and their lipid compositions

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Specific Difference ◽  
Marine Crustaceans ◽  
Polyunsaturated Acids ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Gravid Females

The results of decapod lipid analyses have shown that females and gravid females generally contain high levels of monounsaturated acids and that the eggs of some of these decapods are composed mainly of phospholipid and triglyceride. These are probably present mainly as energy reserves. The percentages of saturated fatty acids are not found to vary with either maturity or sex, whereas the composition of the polyunsaturated acids are affected by both sex and maturity differences. Females are generally much lower in their content of polyunsaturated acids than juveniles and males, the males showing a greater requirement for 20:5 acid compared to the females.For the euphausiids there is a slightly different picture, the monounsaturated acids appear as the stable fraction and for Euphausia krohnii the juveniles are similar to the females in their content of the polyunsaturated acids.Neomysis integer is quite unlike the oceanic crustaceans showing a very specific difference in fatty acid composition between the males and females, the juveniles being rather intermediate in composition.

Proteinuria in aging rats due to low-protein diet during mid-gestation

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Joles ◽  
D. V. Sculley ◽  
S. C. Langley-Evans
Keyword(s):  
Renal Injury ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Aging Rat ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Later Phase

Nephrogenesis in the rat starts mid-gestation and continues into lactation. Maternal low protein (LP) intake leads to renal injury in rats and associates with mild renal injury in humans. We hypothesized that LP during early nephrogenesis or throughout gestation would induce more renal injury in rat offspring than when LP was only present before nephrogenesis. Pregnant rats were fed LP diet (9% casein) at early gestation (LPE, day 0–7), mid (LPM, day 8–14), late (LPL, day 15–22) or throughout gestation (LPA, day 0–22) and compared to controls on 18% casein diet. Offspring were studied at 18 months. Renal injury was assessed by 24 h proteinuria, plasma urea, antioxidant enzyme activities, and apoptosis (Bax/Bcl2). Proteinuria was higher in LPM males and LPE and LPM females. In LPM males glutathione peroxidase activity was lower, while in LPE males catalase activity was higher. Antioxidants were not much affected in females. Bax expression was higher in LPM males and females, while Bcl2 expression was higher in LPA females. Thus even before nephrogenesis (day 0–7), LP impacted on renal integrity in adult life, while LP during a later phase (day 15–22) or throughout gestation had less effect. In summary, for aging rat kidney LP poses the greatest threat when restricted to early nephrogenesis.

STUDIES ON THE PROCESS OF INGESTION IN THE PREDATORY BUG PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Gallopín ◽  
R. L. Kitching
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
The Body ◽  
Actual Rate ◽  
Podisus Maculiventris ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Feeding Process ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe rate of ingestion by Podisus maculiventris Say feeding on larvae of Tenebrio molitor L. or Galleria mellonella L. is almost constant with time and from one predator to another. The rate is 1.80 ±.070 mg/hr/individual.No effect of the age or size of the predator nor of the species of prey on the feeding rate could be detected. Different periods of starvation before feeding directly affect the percentage of individuals that feed, but not the actual rate of feeding, until 60 hours of starvation. After 72 hours starvation, there is a drop in the feeding rate which we attribute, tentatively, to a weakening of the feeding mechanism by the starvation.The initial weight of the larva used as prey affects the rate of sucking during the first hour or two of each period of feeding and this relationship is responsible for a slight non-linearity in the individual curves of feeding. This may be an effect of the internal pressure of the body fluids in the prey.The process of ingestion is reviewed and compared with published studies of other species of Hemiptera. It is suggested that after insertion of the stylets of the predator into the body of the prey, the feeding process is affected by the internal pressure of the prey during the early part of a period of feeding but that, thereafter, the sucking action is maintained constant by the action of capillarity and the pharyngeal pump.

Is it risky to be a father? Survival assessment depending on sex and parental status in the water bug Abedus breviceps using multistate modelling

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Munguía-Steyer ◽  
R. Macías-Ordóñez
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Parental Status ◽  
Adult Life Span ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Modelling Approach

We carried out a capture–recapture multistate modelling approach to estimate survival and recapture probabilities and transition rates between parental and nonparental status in an adult wild population of the water bug Abedus breviceps Stål, 1862 (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae). The global model included the following parameters: sex, male parental status (brooding or not), and transience (individual’s permanent movement from the site after first capture). Models were selected by means of the information-theory paradigm. The best supported model shows no difference in survival between males and females regardless of male parental status. Thus, the frequently assumed cost of parental care in terms of survival is not supported by our data. Furthermore, during the study, male expected adult life span in the wild was lower than the time needed to brood a batch of eggs from oviposition to hatching. We discuss potential consequences of such a short male expected adult life span in terms of parental behaviour decision rules related to fitness maximization.

Age structure and growth pattern in two populations of the golden-striped salamander Chioglossa lusitanica (Caudata, Salamandridae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Larval Phase ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Chioglossa Lusitanica

AbstractWe studied age structure and growth in two populations of the golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica, in northern Portugal by cohort analysis and skeletochronology. Lines of Arrested Growth (LAG) deposited during the larval phase could be distinguished from LAG deposited after metamorphosis. One or two LAG were found in larvae, with counts corresponding to age in years as predicted from larval size distributions. Post-metamorphic modal age was 5 to 6 years and longevity was 8 years. Von Bertalanffy growth curves for males and females from both populations were different from one another. Sexual maturity was reached 4 to 5 years after metamorphosis and corresponded with a snout-vent length of 43-44 mm in both sexes. A tendency was observed for females to be older than males. Mature females were on average larger than mature males. Larval growth was higher in spring than in winter and differed between populations and years. The population in which larvae grew relatively slowly was characterized by large young adults and vice versa, perhaps reflecting contrasting aquatic and terrestrial feeding conditions. The knowledge here presented is important for the better understanding of the population dynamics and ecological and conservation requirements of the golden-striped salamander.

Studies on the biology of Aphidius sonchi Marshall (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), a parasite of the sowthistle aphid, Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Shu-Sheng ◽  
Mary Carver
Keyword(s):  
Adult Stage ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Principal Vector ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Hymenopterous Parasite ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractThe hymenopterous parasite, Aphidius sonchi Marshall, has been introduced into Australia as a biological control agent of the sowthistle aphid, Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.), the principal vector of lettuce necrotic yellows virus disease. Some aspects of its biology were studied in the laboratory. Females reared at 22°C contained a mean ± s.e. of 179·4 ± 10·26 eggs on emergence, and more eggs were formed during adult life. Unmated females produced male progeny only; mated females produced progeny of both sexes. At 22°C, both males and females mated within 12 h of emergence. Virgin females could mate successfully after having commenced oviposition and switch to producing progeny of both sexes. At 20°C, both virgin and mated females started oviposition within 7 h of emergence. The female oviposited in all nymphal instars and both apterous and alate adults of the host. Only one egg was laid per insertion of the ovipositor. Superparasitization was common, but only one parasite per aphid survived to the adult stage. Females at 22°C and LD 12:12 oviposited during both the photophase and the scotophase; the proportion of eggs laid in the scotophase was correlated with the availability of hosts. Adult females lived longer in the absence of hosts than in their presence and lived longer than males, and those supplied with water and honey lived longer than those without. Facultative diapause occurred. The integumental coloration of adults varied according to the temperature during their immature stages. Females of A. sonchi oviposited readily in Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), but their progeny did not develop beyond the egg stage. A. sonchi was parasitized by Alloxysta ancylocera (Cameron), Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) and Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) in the field.

scholarly journals Restoration of Body Energy Reserves during Refeeding in Rats Is Dependent on Both the Intensity of Energy Restriction and the Metabolic Status at the Onset of Starvation

2008 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Patrice Robin ◽  
Frédéric Decrock ◽  
Gene Herzberg ◽  
Eliane Mioskowski ◽  
Yvon Le Maho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Metabolic Status ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Body Energy
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