scholarly journals Disruption and Strategic Outsourcing to the Competitor in the Common Market

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoqiong Qin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Supply Disruption ◽  
Strategic Outsourcing ◽  
The Common ◽  
Decentralization And Centralization

There are circumstances that one firm will outsource (purchase) products to its competitor in the common market when experiencing an unexpected supply disruption. Such strategies to hedge against the unexpected supply disruption commonly suffers from the higher wholesale price charged by its competitor although it helps maintain its presence on the market. Its competitor also is concerned about encroachment to sell the products to the firm as a rival in the common market. Mathematical models are formulated to maximize each party's profit in both cases of outsourcing and not outsourcing under decentralization and centralization. The results show that both parties benefit from the strategy of outsourcing at the time of disruption. More interestingly, the results also show that the competitor's centralized decision-making is preferred.

scholarly journals Voter Decision-Making in a Context of Low Political Trust: The 2016 UK EU Membership Referendum

2021 ◽  
pp. 003232172110034
Author(s):  
Nick Clarke ◽  
Will Jennings ◽  
Jonathan Moss ◽  
Gerry Stoker
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Positive Stimulus ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Common ◽  
Voter Decision Making ◽  
The Eu

Using volunteer writing for Mass Observation, we explore how British citizens decided whether to leave the EU. The 2016 referendum was the biggest decision made by the British electorate in decades, but involved limited voter analysis. Many citizens did not have strong views about EU membership in early 2016. The campaigns did not help to firm up their views, not least because so much information appeared to be in dispute. Voters, often characterised as polarised, were reluctant and uncertain. Many citizens took their duty to decide seriously, but were driven more by hunch than careful analysis. In 2016, voters reacted against elites they did not trust at least as much as they embraced the ideas of trusted elites. This contrasts with the 1975 Referendum on the Common Market, when the vote was driven by elite endorsement. In low-trust contexts, voters use cues from elites as negative rather than positive stimulus.

European Union Decision-Making, Third States and Comitology

1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Evans
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
National Sovereignty ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Common

Historically and conceptually, EU law originates in the idea that member States have approved restrictions of national sovereignty in the interests of establishing a common market. In accordance with this idea, significant elaboration or extension of these restrictions must also be approved by the member States or at least by a majority of their representatives in the Council of the Union. The implication is not only that the development of the rules of the common market is dependent on the will of the member States. The further implication is that the rules of the common market and the rules of Union decision-making are separable, in the sense that the latter rules are not affected by the former rules. While such implications are ill-adapted to the pluralist tendencies of integration processes, particularly the participation of third States (that is, non-member States) in these processes, they are confirmed by the formal structure of the EC Treaty.

scholarly journals Interpreting change through legal culture: the case of the Irish exclusionary rule

Legal Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Claire Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Exclusionary Rule ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
The Common ◽  
Law Of Evidence

Abstract The changes to the Irish exclusionary rule introduced by the judgment in People (DPP) v JC mark an important watershed in the Irish law of evidence and Irish legal culture more generally. The case relaxed the exclusionary rule established in People (DPP) v Kenny, one of the strictest in the common law world, by creating an exception based on ‘inadvertence’. This paper examines the decision through the lens of legal culture, drawing in particular on Lawrence Friedman's distinction between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ legal culture to help understand the factors contributing to the decision. The paper argues that Friedman's concept and, in particular, the dialectic between internal and external legal culture, holds much utility at a micro as well as macro level, in interrogating the cultural logics at work in judicial decision-making.

scholarly journals Widening the common space to reduce the gap between climate science and decision-making in industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 100237
Author(s):  
Luise J. Fischer ◽  
Heini Wernli ◽  
David N. Bresch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Common Space ◽  
The Common

An algebraic approach to N-soft sets with application in decision-making using TOPSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shabir ◽  
Rimsha Mushtaq ◽  
Munazza Naz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Real World ◽  
Algebraic Approach ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Commutative Monoids ◽  
Soft Sets ◽  
Algebraic Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Selection Of

In this paper, we focus on two main objectives. Firstly, we define some binary and unary operations on N-soft sets and study their algebraic properties. In unary operations, three different types of complements are studied. We prove De Morgan’s laws concerning top complements and for bottom complements for N-soft sets where N is fixed and provide a counterexample to show that De Morgan’s laws do not hold if we take different N. Then, we study different collections of N-soft sets which become idempotent commutative monoids and consequently show, that, these monoids give rise to hemirings of N-soft sets. Some of these hemirings are turned out as lattices. Finally, we show that the collection of all N-soft sets with full parameter set E and collection of all N-soft sets with parameter subset A are Stone Algebras. The second objective is to integrate the well-known technique of TOPSIS and N-soft set-based mathematical models from the real world. We discuss a hybrid model of multi-criteria decision-making combining the TOPSIS and N-soft sets and present an algorithm with implementation on the selection of the best model of laptop.

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