A Review of Incentive Based Demand Response Methods in Smart Electricity Grids

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Chrysikou ◽  
Miltiadis Alamaniotis ◽  
Lefteri H. Tsoukalas
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Electricity Distribution ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Incentive Design ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Electricity Grids

Smart electricity grid is a complex system being the outcome of the marriage of power systems with computing technologies and information networks. The information transmitted in the network is utilized for controlling the power flow in the electricity distribution grid. Thus smart grid facilitates a demand response approach, where grid participants monitor and respond to information signals with their electricity demand. This review paper focuses on a subclass of demand response methods and more particularly in incentive based demand response. It aims at providing a review of the existing and proposed methods while briefly explaining their main points and outcomes. In the current approach, the plethora of methods on incentive based demand response is grouped according to the tools adopted to implement the incentives. The overall goal is to provide a comprehensive list of incentive design tools and be a point of inspiration for researchers in the field of incentive based demand response in smart grids.

scholarly journals Deriving policies from connection codes to ensure ongoing voltage stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ryan ◽  
Miguel Ponce De Leon ◽  
Niall Grant ◽  
Bernard Butler ◽  
Steffen Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Management ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Network Connection ◽  
Initial Work ◽  
Ict System ◽  
High Level ◽  
Power And Energy

Abstract The management and transmission networks is becoming increasingly complex due to the proliferation of renewables-based distributed energy resources (DER). Existing control systems for DER are based on static specifications from interdependent network connection documents. Such systems are inflexible and their maintenance requires concerted effort between grid stakeholders. In this paper we present a new supplementary control approach to increase the agility of the electricity grid. The ICT system that underlies smart grids has the potential to offer, by analogy with ICT based network management, a control plane overlay for the modern smart grid. Policy-based Network Management (PBNM) is widely deployed in managed telecoms networks. We outline how PBNM can augment the management of power and energy networks and report on our initial work to validate the approach. To configure the PBNM system, we have used text mining to derive connection parameters at the LV level. In our simulations, PBNM was used in collaboration with a Volt-VAr optimisation (VVO) to tune the connection settings at each DER to manage the voltage across all the buses. We argue that the full benefits will be realised when stakeholders focus on agreeing relatively stable high-level connection policies, the policies being refined dynamically, and algorithms such as VVO that set connection parameters so they are consistent with those high-level policies. Thus faults, power quality issues and regulatory infringement can be identified sooner, and power flow can be optimised.

scholarly journals Integration of Electric Vehicles in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks Considering Voltage Management

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4125
Author(s):  
Miguel Carrión ◽  
Rafael Zárate-Miñano ◽  
Ruth Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Optimal Power Flow ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Distribution Grid

The expected growth of the number of electric vehicles can be challenging for planning and operating power systems. In this sense, distribution networks are considered the Achilles’ heel of the process of adapting current power systems for a high presence of electric vehicles. This paper aims at deciding the maximum number of three-phase high-power charging points that can be installed in a low-voltage residential distribution grid. In order to increase the number of installed charging points, a mixed-integer formulation is proposed to model the provision of decentralized voltage support by electric vehicle chargers. This formulation is afterwards integrated into a modified AC optimal power flow formulation to characterize the steady-state operation of the distribution network during a given planning horizon. The performance of the proposed formulations have been tested in a case study based on the distribution network of La Graciosa island in Spain.

scholarly journals IEC-61850-Based Communication for Integrated EV Management in Power Systems with Renewable Penetration

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2493
Author(s):  
Taha Selim Ustun ◽  
S. M. Suhail Hussain ◽  
Mazheruddin H. Syed ◽  
Paulius Dambrauskas
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Iec 61850 ◽  
Electrical Systems ◽  
Communication Models ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Message Mapping ◽  
And Control

As the number of EVs increases, their impact on electrical systems will be substantial. Novel management schemes are needed to manage the electrical load they require when charging. Literature is rich with different techniques to manage and control this effect on the grid by controlling and optimizing power flow. Although these solutions heavily rely on communication lines, they mostly treat communication as a black box. It is important to develop communication solutions that can integrate EVs, charging stations (CSs), and the rest of the grid in an interoperable way. A standard approach would be indispensable as there are different EV models manufactured by different companies. The IEC 61850 standard is a strong tool used for developing communication models for different smart grid components. However, it does not have the necessary models for implementing smart EV management schemes that coordinate between EVs and CSs. In this paper, these missing links are addressed through the development of corresponding models and message mapping. A hardware-in-the-loop test is performed to validate the communication models and cross-platform operation. Then, a co-simulation environment is used to perform a combined study of communication and the power system components. The developed communication model helps integrate the EVs to a centralized, coordinated voltage control scheme. These models can be used to run extensive impact studies where different domains of smart grids need to be considered simultaneously. The main contribution of this paper is the development of smartgrid communication solutions for enabling successful information exchanges.

scholarly journals Flow Allocation in Meshed AC-DC Electricity Grids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Hofmann ◽  
Markus Schlott ◽  
Alexander Kies ◽  
Horst Stöcker
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
Shift Parameter ◽  
Transmission Grid ◽  
High Voltage Direct Current ◽  
Transmission Expansion ◽  
Electricity Grids ◽  
Power Transfer Distribution Factors

In power systems, flow allocation (FA) methods allow to allocate usage and costs of the transmission grid to each single market participant. Based on predefined assumptions, the power flow is split into isolated generator specific or producer specific sub-flows. Two prominent FA methods, Marginal Participation (MP) and Equivalent Bilateral Exchanges (EBE), build upon the linearized power flow and thus on the Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDF). Despite their intuitive and computationally efficient concept, they are restricted to networks with \emph{passive} transmission elements only. As soon as a significant number of \emph{controllable} transmission elements, such as High-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines, operate in the system, they loose their applicability. This work reformulates the two methods in terms of Virtual Injection Patters (VIP) which allows to efficiently introduce a shift parameter $q$, tuning contributions of net sources and net sinks in the network. Major properties and differences of the methods are pointed out. Finally, it is shown how the MA and EBE algorithm can be applied to generic meshed AC-DC electricity grids: Introducing a \emph{pseudo-impedance} which reflects the operational state of controllable elements, allows to extend the PTDF matrix under the assumption of knowing the current system's flow. Basic properties from graph theory are used for solving the pseudo-impedance dependent on the position in the network. This directly enables \emph{e.g.} HVDC lines to be considered in the MP and EBE algorithm. The extended methods are applied to a low-carbon European network model (PyPSA-EUR) with a spatial resolution of N=181 and an 18\% transmission expansion. The allocations of VIP and MP, show that countries with high wind potentials profit most from the transmission grid expansion. Based on the average usage of transmission system expansion a method of distributing operational and capital expenditures is proposed. Further it is shown, how injections from renewable resources strongly drive country-to-country allocations and thus cross-border electricity flows.

scholarly journals Implementation of a Web-based remote control system for qZS DAB application using low-cost ARM platform

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 887-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Korzeniewski ◽  
K. Kulikowski ◽  
J. Zakis ◽  
M. Jasinski ◽  
A. Malinowski
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Electronics ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Intelligent Network ◽  
Network Applications ◽  
Dual Active Bridge

Abstract Continuous development of intelligent network applications drives the demand for deployment-ready hardware and software solutions. Such solutions are highly valued not only by distributed producers of energy but by energy consumers as well. The use of intelligent network applications enables the development and improvement of the quality of services. It also increases self-sufficiency and efficiency. This paper describes an example of such device that allows for the control of a dual active bridge (DAB) converter and enables its remote control in real time over an IP-based network. The details of both hardware and software components of proposed implementation are provided. The DAB converter gives a possibility to control and manage the energy between two DC power systems with very different voltage levels. Not only information, but also the quality of energy, the direction of power flow, and energy storage systems can be easily controlled through an IP-based network and power electronics converters. Information technology, together with intelligent control of power electronics technology, provides a flexible solution, especially for sustainable smart grids.

scholarly journals Mosaik and PADE: Multiagents and Co-simulation for smart grids modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Lucas Silveira Melo ◽  
Filipe Saraiva ◽  
Ruth Leão ◽  
Raimundo Furtado Sampaio ◽  
Giovanni Cordeiro Barroso
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electricity Distribution ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Distributed Generations ◽  
Agent Systems ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Study Case

This paper describes the integration process between two tools in order to perform co-simulation for representation and analysis of dynamic environments in the context of smart grids. The integrated tools are Mosaik, a software to co-simulation management, and PADE, a software to multi-agent systems development. As a study case for demonstrate the integration, a scenary was utilized composed of a low voltage electricity distribution grid with 37 load bus, 20 photo-voltaic distributed generations, randomly connected to load bus, as well as, 20 PADE agents associated to distributed generation, modeling the behavior of electricity storage systems. The simulation results show the integration happening and demonstrate how useful is to model the dynamics of distributed electric resources with multi-agent systems.

Utilization of FPAA Technology for Emulation of Multiscale Power System Dynamics in Smart Grids

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 606-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony S. Deese ◽  
Chika O. Nwankpa
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Transient Fault ◽  
Programmable Analog ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
Physical Prototype ◽  
Field Programmable Analog Array

In this paper, the authors address computational issues associated with implementation of VLSI technologies-specifically, the utilization of field programmable analog array (FPAA) technology to analyze the steady-state as well dynamic behavior of nonlinear, multiscale power systems. Emphasis is placed on the following issues: adaptation of FPAA hardware for power flow analyses, design and construction of physical prototype, optimal hardware scaling, and application of emulation to transient fault analyses.

scholarly journals Flow Allocation in Meshed AC-DC Electricity Grids

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Hofmann ◽  
Markus Schlott ◽  
Alexander Kies ◽  
Horst Stöcker
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
Shift Parameter ◽  
Transmission Grid ◽  
High Voltage Direct Current ◽  
Total Transmission ◽  
Transmission Expansion ◽  
Electricity Grids

In power systems, flow allocation (FA) methods enable to allocate the usage and costs of the transmission grid to each single market participant. Based on predefined assumptions, the power flow is split into isolated generator-specific or producer-specific sub-flows. Two prominent FA methods, Marginal Participation (MP) and Equivalent Bilateral Exchanges (EBEs), build upon the linearized power flow and thus on the Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs). Despite their intuitive and computationally efficient concepts, they are restricted to networks with passive transmission elements only. As soon as a significant number of controllable transmission elements, such as high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines, operate in the system, they lose their applicability. This work reformulates the two methods in terms of Virtual Injection Patterns (VIPs), which allows one to efficiently introduce a shift parameter q to tune contributions of net sources and net sinks in the network. In this work, major properties and differences in the methods are pointed out, and it is shown how the MP and EBE algorithms can be applied to generic meshed AC-DC electricity grids: by introducing a pseudo-impedance ω ¯ , which reflects the operational state of controllable elements and allows one to extend the PTDF matrix under the assumption of knowing the current flow in the system. Basic properties from graph theory are used to solve for the pseudo-impedance in dependence of the position within the network. This directly enables, e.g., HVDC lines to be considered in the MP and EBE algorithms. The extended methods are applied to a low-carbon European network model (PyPSA-EUR) with a spatial resolution of 181 nodes and an 18% transmission expansion compared to today’s total transmission capacity volume. The allocations of MP and EBE show that countries with high wind potentials profit most from the transmission grid expansion. Based on the average usage of transmission system expansion, a method of distributing operational and capital expenditures is proposed. In addition, it is shown how injections from renewable resources strongly drive country-to-country allocations and thus cross-border electricity flows.

scholarly journals A Novel Algorithm with Multiple Consumer Demand Response Priorities in Residential Unbalanced LV Electricity Distribution Networks

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Ovidiu Ivanov ◽  
Samiran Chattopadhyay ◽  
Soumya Banerjee ◽  
Bogdan-Constantin Neagu ◽  
Gheorghe Grigoras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Load Flow ◽  
Electricity Distribution ◽  
Energy Management Systems ◽  
Home Energy Management ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Demand Side Management (DSM) is becoming necessary in residential electricity distribution networks where local electricity trading is implemented. Amongst the DSM tools, Demand Response (DR) is used to engage the consumers in the market by voluntary disconnection of high consumption receptors at peak demand hours. As a part of the transition to Smart Grids, there is a high interest in DR applications for residential consumers connected in intelligent grids which allow remote controlling of receptors by electricity distribution system operators and Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) at consumer homes. This paper proposes a novel algorithm for multi-objective DR optimization in low voltage distribution networks with unbalanced loads, that takes into account individual consumer comfort settings and several technical objectives for the network operator. Phase load balancing, two approaches for minimum comfort disturbance of consumers and two alternatives for network loss reduction are proposed as objectives for DR. An original and faster method of replacing load flow calculations in the evaluation of the feasible solutions is proposed. A case study demonstrates the capabilities of the algorithm.

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