Assessment of the Contribution of Crowd Sourced Data to Post-Earthquake Building Damage Detection

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Hassanzadeh ◽  
Zorica Nedovic-Budic
Keyword(s):  
Damage Detection ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Predictive Modelling ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Crowd Sourcing ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Tabulation

This paper compares the results of building damage detection based on Crowd Sourced (CS) data, image processing of remotely sensed (RS) data and predictive modelling with institutional spatial data (Spatial Data Infrastructure - SDI). In particular, it focuses on the contribution of Crowd Sourcing to detecting post-earthquake building damages, while also considering the integration of Crowd Sourced with two other data sources (RS and modelling). To simulate CS data submission following the 2003 earthquake in Bam City (Iran) a survey was administered to the population which experienced the earthquake. The results obtained from this and two other sources are compared with the Actual Earthquake (AE) data by cross-tabulation analysis and McNemar's Chi Square Test. When assessed against AE data, the average accuracy levels of assessments based on the use of RS data and CS data integrated with each RS data and predictive modelling and with both, show a statistically significant increase relative to the predictive modelling. While this research does not provide for a full assessment of the value of CS data alone and in fact finds it slightly inferior to predictive modelling, it suggests that Crowd Sourcing could be a useful source of information, especially if combined with other sources.

Assessment of the Contribution of Crowd Sourced Data to Post-Earthquake Building Damage Detection

2019 ◽  
pp. 763-803
Author(s):  
Reza Hassanzadeh ◽  
Zorica Nedovic-Budic
Keyword(s):  
Damage Detection ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Predictive Modelling ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Crowd Sourcing ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Source Of Information

This paper compares the results of building damage detection based on Crowd Sourced (CS) data, image processing of remotely sensed (RS) data and predictive modelling with institutional spatial data (Spatial Data Infrastructure - SDI). In particular, it focuses on the contribution of Crowd Sourcing to detecting post-earthquake building damages, while also considering the integration of Crowd Sourced with two other data sources (RS and modelling). To simulate CS data submission following the 2003 earthquake in Bam City (Iran) a survey was administered to the population which experienced the earthquake. The results obtained from this and two other sources are compared with the Actual Earthquake (AE) data by cross-tabulation analysis and McNemar's Chi Square Test. When assessed against AE data, the average accuracy levels of assessments based on the use of RS data and CS data integrated with each RS data and predictive modelling and with both, show a statistically significant increase relative to the predictive modelling. While this research does not provide for a full assessment of the value of CS data alone and in fact finds it slightly inferior to predictive modelling, it suggests that Crowd Sourcing could be a useful source of information, especially if combined with other sources.

Evaluation of Quality of Root Canal Obturation, Coronal Restoration and Periapical Health in Failed Endodontically Treated Teeth

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Syed Adeel Ahmed ◽  
Safia Anwar ◽  
Imtiaz ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
P Value ◽  
Periapical Lesion ◽  
Endodontically Treated Teeth ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total N ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Tabulation

Objective: To investigate the implication of quality of obturation and coronal restoration on periapical tissue in failed endodontically treated teeth. Study Design and Setting: This cross-sectional research was performed in the Operative Department of BUMDC on 187 patients reporting with root canal failure from March 2019 to August 2019. Methodology: Patients of both genders aged between 20-60 years were considered for this study. Single and multirooted teeth indicated for repeated endodontic treatment due to under filled, overfilled obturation, voids in obturation, absence and presence of coronal restoration were included. One operator carried out clinical examination of the teeth and periapical radiograph was taken for each patient by using E-Speed film and evaluated by the same operator using an illuminated viewer box. SPSS 17 for windows software was used for data entering and chi- square test was applied for statistical calculation of the outcomes. Results: Total n=187 endodontic treated failed teeth were evaluated, out of which 52.9% were of females and 47.1% to males. The number of obturations with acceptable length were 81(43.3%), with adequate density were 107 (57.2%) and with consistent taper were 116(62%). Periapical lesion was observed in 118(63.1%) cases. Quality of obturation significantly affects the periapical health. Cross tabulation showed a significant association (p-value <0.000) between inadequate coronal restoration and changes in periapical area. Conclusion: The successful prognosis of the root canal treatment relies on the good quality of obturation and adequate coronal filling.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Reproductive Health Issues among the Students of P. N. Campus Pokhara

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Amin Palikhe ◽  
Akhila Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Frequency Table ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Demographic Background ◽  
Percent Female

The article entitled "Knowledge of Reproductive Health Issues among the Students of P. N. Campus, Pokhara" has studied to get the knowledge about the reproductive health issues. Reproductive health is one of the important factors of population studies. Several studies have been made concerning the reproductive health issues but there are few research works on the knowledge of reproductive health, especially, in P. N. Campus. The present study attempts to find out knowledge of reproductive health issues among the students in the P. N. Campus. This study was based on the primary information collected from the field survey in P.N. Campus. The sample used for collection of data is random sampling. Basically, both descriptive and analytic research design and simple statistical tools like frequency table, and cross tabulation have been used here. To test the hypothesis, Chi- Square test with contingency table has been presented. Among the total 116 students, 58 percent female and 42 percent male were taken for sample. The median age for the sample population was 23 years. About 31 percent among them were married. This research finds out the knowledge of reproductive health issues like media of knowledge, sources, reproductive health issues areas and level of knowledge among the selected demographic background of respondents.Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary StudiesVol. III (December 2014), page: 1-8

CROSS TABULATION ANALYSIS: DETERMINANTS OF MATHEMATIC SUCCESS AMONG CIVIL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT STUDENTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justus N. Agumba
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Comprehensive University ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Mathematics Success

The socio-economic and demographic factors have been indicated to predict mathematics success. However, there is paucity of research to verify if these factors correlate with mathematics success at university level in South Africa. Hence, this paper reports on the socio-economic and demographic factors that correlate with mathematics success for civil and built environment students at a comprehensive university in South Africa. The data was obtained through, questionnaire survey from 197 students who were purposive sampled. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. The study found that the correlation between the dependant variable and the independent variables that did not violet the assumption of each cell having more than five counts were insignificant. The cross tabulation results on frequencies should be interpreted with caution. The result indicates arithmetic difference in most of the independent variables. Male students performed better than female students in mathematics. However, the differences between the groups are not statistically significant as indicated with the Chi-square test.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Rural Entrepreneurial Challenges: Towards Rural Economic Development and a Policy Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3(J)) ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Albert Tchey Agbenyegah
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural Economic Development ◽  
Rural Study ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

The primary purpose of this rural study was to compare the challenges that impede successful operations of entrepreneurial activities and small businesses. Through quantitative design, a seven-point Likert-scale questionnaire was utilized to gather primary data. Two sampling techniques, namely simple random and purposive, were applied to select the research participants. Based on a Likert spectrum, 267 questionnaires were administered to SME owners by the researcher, assisted by two research trainees. These questionnaires were ranked from (1) strongly disagree to (7) strongly agree. Two main questions, which provided guidance to this study, were certified reliable by the Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.768 and 0.976. Data analysis was possible through the descriptive and inferential tools supported by the independent t-test, Pearson’s chi-square test, and cross-tabulation. The final outcomes demonstrate higher levels of challenges in the Frances Baard (FB) District than in the John Taolo Gaetsewe (JTG) District. This implies that owner-managers of small businesses in the FB District experienced more challenges in operating their businesses. The study recommends SME Policy Framework (SPF) training and intensifying the existing processes of monitoring after training to justify the owner-managers’ moral commitments.

A Study of Customer Satisfaction on Services Provided by International Gemological Institute (IGI) Surat

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mr. Swapnil Chaurasia ◽  
Ms. Indrani Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Primary Data ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The World ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Quality Check ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Different Parts

Diamond industry, gems and jewelry sector, apart from being one of the fastest growing sectors in India is a major contributor to the GDP of the country. With an enormous market size and exceptional potential of expansion, the gem and jewelry sector is poised to become twice as huge as of now in coming five years. India accounts for 70-75 percent diamond exports of the world making it the largest cutting hub both in terms of value and employability. International Gemological Institute is the apex body in certifying gems and jewelry on the grounds such as authenticity, purity and alike is responsible for building confidence among the buyers as well as the seller community dealing in these rare gems and metals. The institute has a well webbed network of research laboratories in different parts of the world consisting of some of the prominent cities in India to carry out quality check and certification procedures. The paper reflects satisfaction level among the customers that avails the services provided by IGI that not only acts as certification of quality and authenticity but also as the prime element of trust among the trading group. The study has been conducted using a primary data collection tool and the data was collected from owners & staff of various firms who came for the authenticity evaluation of their diamonds, gems and jewelry, whose findings were later tested by chi square test and cross-tabulation. The findings give us an idea about the acceptance and rejections of various associations among the variables under study.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR DETERMINAN PINJAMAN : STUDI PADA KOPERASI SHT

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Deti Kurniawati ◽  
Toteng Temy Suprayogi ◽  
Mugeno Mugeno
Keyword(s):  
Income Level ◽  
Parametric Approach ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Cooperative Relationship ◽  
Non Parametric

This study aims to examine the determinant of loans based on the member characteristics. A total of 50 members made participants using purposive. Analysis techniques using non-parametric approach, cross-tabulation and chi-square test. The results of the analysis concluded that: (1) the length time as member is not related to the amount of the loan; (2) there was no difference in income levels of respondents with an average loan; (3) the use of the proceeds of the loan has no relationship with income level; (4) long been a member of a cooperative relationship with the magnitude of the average of loans. Keywrods: financial loan, koperasi

scholarly journals Are swimming coaches ready to help injured young swimmers?

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Goran Dimitrić ◽  
Milorad Jakšić ◽  
Filip Sadri ◽  
Nataša Zenić
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
Cross Tabulation

Abstract Study aim: This study aimed to determine the knowledge and skills of swimming coaches in providing first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Material and methods: The sample consisted of 59 swimming coaches who responded to non-standardized questionnaire. The collected data were processed by the statistical program IBM SPSS (20.0), using the Chi-square test with cross-tabulation, with a level of statistical significance p ≤ 0.05. Results: Obtained data showed a statistically significant difference in the knowledge of swimming coaches about first aid and CPR in relation to coaching experience (p = 0.025); in the knowledge of providing first aid and CPR between coaches who have a certificate of first aid and CPR and those who do not (p = 0.006) and in first aid and CPR knowledge between coaches who have renewed their first aid and CPR knowledge and those who did not (p = 0.045). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, swimming coaches included in this research did not have enough knowledge and skills in first aid and CPR, which makes swimming programs unsafe. By obliging swimming coaches to acquire and constantly improve their knowledge and skills in first aid and CPR, the environment for all swimming programs would become safer.

scholarly journals Relationship between Fixed Dental Crowns and Volatile Sulphur Compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1283
Author(s):  
Hamad Alzoman ◽  
Syed Rashid Habib ◽  
Sultan Alghamdi ◽  
Hebah Al-Juhani ◽  
Rawan Daabash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Mercaptan ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Dental Crowns ◽  
Oral Microflora ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Volatile Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Tabulation

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the level of halitosis in patients with/without fixed crowns and in addition the influence of various crown parameters on halitosis was also explored. Methods: In total, 96 subjects (fixed crowns = 52; no crowns = 44) participated in the study. The levels volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulphide (CH3SCH3) were evaluated with breath samples using gas chromatography and used for classification as presence or absence of halitosis. The periodontal clinical parameters for all the participants as well as the crown parameters for participants with fixed crowns were also evaluated. Cross tabulation, Chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance tests were used for the statistical analysis and comparisons. Results: Breath samples revealed, 50 (52.1%) participants were suffering from halitosis. Out of VSCs, the level of CH3SCH3 (62.5%) was found to be the most prevalent. Significant correlations were observed between the presence of fixed crowns and oral halitosis (p < 0.001). Statistically significant difference in the concentration of H2S and CH3SH (p < 0.001) and no significance for CH3SCH3 (p = 0.075) between patients with/without fixed crowns was found. The presence of halitosis was more prevalent in the subjects with crown parameters (subgingival margin, over-contoured margin, open-crown margin, over-contoured and under-contoured crowns) considered clinically defective/unacceptable (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Presence of fixed dental crowns significantly contributes to the oral halitosis. Dental crowns with defects significantly impair the hygienic conditions and oral microflora resulting in high prevalence of halitosis.

scholarly journals TINGKAT PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PELESTARIAN KAMPUNG KAUMAN SURAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 473
Author(s):  
Rahardian Maulana ◽  
Nurini Nurini
Keyword(s):  
Community Participation ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
The City

Kampung Kauman is located in the center of the city that has a wealth of culture and has a historical potential both in terms of physical environment and in the form of ancient buildings that are still authentic and traditions of society with religious distinctiveness. There are various relics of ancient buildings that are still well maintained, but there are ancient buildings that are not well maintained and not defined as a cultural heritage building so it needs to be preserved so that its authenticity is maintained. Conservation with a bottom up approach is a preservation that involves community participation in every activity. Conservation by involving community participation are considered more effective because it is able to grow a strong sense of belonging. The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of community participation in the conservation of Kampung Kauman as a historic place in the city of Surakarta and know the factors that influence it. Analytical techniques used include descriptive quantitative analysis using cross tabulation method and chi square test. Based on analysis of cross tabulation and chi square test that has been done, internal factors that have relationship with form and level of society participation are gender, education level, and length of stay. While external factors that have a relationship with the shape and level of community participation is the role of the kelurahan, community figure, and paguyuban Batik Kauman.

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