scholarly journals Women and science: Reflections on female access to university studies in Chile in the 20th century

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 003
Author(s):  
Romané V. Landaeta Sepúlveda
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
University Studies ◽  
Women And Science ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

This text examines the different stages of women’s access to higher education in Chile throughout the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It inquires into the reflections that emerged on the need to educate women in Latin America, examines the scientific development of women in Chilean universities and It investigates the debates that emerged in the Chilean society regarding to the entry of women in the University. The paper also makes a reflexion about the problems that women had to face they made the decision to enter in the university.

Latin American Jewish Literature

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Stavans
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
The 19Th Century

Jewish writing in Latin America is a centuries-old tradition dating back to the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. During the colonial period, it manifested itself among crypto-Jews who hid their religious identity for fear of being persecuted by the Holy Office of the Inquisition. Assimilation mostly decimated this chapter, which is often seen as connected with Sephardic literature after the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492. New waves of Jews arrived in the last third of the 19th century from two geographic locations: the Ottoman Empire (this wave is described as Levantine and its languages as Ladino, French, Spanish, and Arabic) and eastern Europe (or Ashkenazi with Yiddish, German, and central European tongues). Jewish life thrived in Latin America throughout the 20th century. The largest, most artistically productive communities were in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico, and smaller ones existed in Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Guatemala, Panama, and Uruguay. Identity as a theme permeates everything written by Latin American Jewish writers. Central issues defining this literary tradition are immigration, anti-Semitism, World War II, Zionism, and the Middle Eastern conflict. The Jewish literary tradition in Latin America has undergone crossovers as a result of translations, global marketing, and the polyglot nature of several of its practitioners. This field of study is still in its infancy. Some important studies on Latin American Jewish history, either continental in scope or by country, appeared in the late 20th century and serve as context for the analysis. The literature has received less attention (some periods, such as the 19th century, are entirely forgotten), although, as this article attests, things are changing. The foundation for daring, in-depth literary explorations as well as interdisciplinary analysis is already in place. When possible this article showcases available monographs, although important research material remains scattered in periodicals and edited volumes.

Marburg School

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Silas Peterson
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Metaphysical Realism ◽  
New Criticism ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Hermann Cohen

The Marburg School is a term used to describe a group of Neo-Kantian philosophers at the University of Marburg in the second half of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century. The New Criticism, as neo-Kantianism was also called, was sceptical of 19th-century materialism and naturalism. Friedrich Albert Lange (1828–1875) called for a return to Kant and his distinction between aprioristic and empirical knowledge. The classical Kantian metaphysical realism (‘thing in itself’) was nevertheless rejected in the Kantian renaissance. The key figures of the new critical and transcendental idealism at its zenith were Hermann Cohen (1842–1918) and Paul Natorp (1854–1924).

Antoni Tuchendler i Leon Plocker – twórcy polskiej powojennej szkoły gastrologicznej

Nowa Medycyna ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ciesielska ◽  
Przemysław Ciesielski
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
Warsaw Ghetto ◽  
Independent Field ◽  
Jewish Hospital ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The origin of gastrology as an independent field of internal medicine began in the second half of the 19th century. The so-called “Polish gastrological school” of the first half of the 20th century was composed of, among others: Edward Korczyński, Walery Jaworski, Antoni Gluziński, Józef Wacław Grott, Ludwik Justman, Wilhelm Rubin, Anastazy Landau, Antoni Tuchendler and Leon Plockier (vel Plockier, Płocker, Płockier). Dr. Antoni Tuchendler, after graduating from the University of Dorpat, trained at the Charitè Clinic in Berlin. He worked in Warsaw and was a member of the prestigious Warsaw Medical Society. Before the outbreak of the war, Dr. Leon Plocker worked at the Czyste Jewish Hospital in Warsaw. In 1939 he took part in the defensive war and was taken prisoner by the Germans. In 1940 both doctors were forcibly relocated to the Warsaw ghetto. From 1942, Dr. Plocker hid after the so-called on the Aryan side under the false name of Konstanty Szustowski. He took part in the Warsaw Uprising as the commander of one of the field hospitals. The article is devoted to the fate of two of the above-mentioned doctors: Antoni Tuchendler and Leon Plocker. The first one dealt with the etiology and diagnosis of habitual constipation, the second focused his scientific work on issues related to the stomach cancer.

scholarly journals Az egyetemi és akadémiai ifjúság politikai szerepvállalása 1830–1880 között

Gerundium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-77
Author(s):  
László Szögi
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
National Language ◽  
Student Movements ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Youth Movements ◽  
National Movements ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Political Involvement of the University- and Academic Youth between 1830 and 1880. The institutional network of the higher education in Hungary was very diverse on the turn of the 18th and 19th century and in the first part of the 19th century. In the multi-national and multi-confessional country, 88 institutions provided higher than medium level education. Most of these institutions were related to the historical denomination but besides them several state higher educational institutions existed. We reported about the student movements of these schools in this paper. In the first part of the 19th century the Holy Alliance’s system prohibited the foundation of student movements, although, in most of the institutions, reading circles and literature student associations were formed in which the leaders of the future national movements played an important role. The period of the revolution and the fight for freedom of 1848–1849 was significant regarding the student movements as well, because at most universities the studentry listed their requests aiming not only the reform of student life but the social changes as well. After the defeat of the freedom fight it was not possible to form student associations for ten years. But from the 1860s the battle for the national language of higher education marked the Hungarian youth movements. After the Austro- Hungarian Compromise, the studentry’s activity decreased, although they spoke in some political questions. For example, in 1867–1877, during the time of the Russian-Turkish war, the students in Pest and Cluj- Napoca stood against the Russians and not the Turks. This action produced that the university youth got back 36 valuable medieval codices from the Turks which were stolen in 1526 from the Royal Library in Buda.

Scottish higher education and the Scottish parliament: the consequences of mistaken national identity

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Scottish Parliament ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Academic Network ◽  
The 19Th Century

The creation of a Scottish parliament in 1999 will crystallize a cultural crisis for Scottish higher education. Scottish universities retained their autonomy after the 18th-century union between Scotland and England because the union was about high politics rather than the affairs of civil society and culture. Unlike in England, the universities developed in close relationship with Scottish agencies of the state during the 19th century, and these agencies also built up a system of non-university higher education colleges. In the 20th century, the universities (and later some of the colleges) sought to detach themselves from Scottish culture and politics, favouring instead a common British academic network. So the new constitutional settlement faces Scottish higher education institutions with an enforced allegiance to the Scottish nation that will sharply disrupt their 80-year interlude as outposts of the British polity.

scholarly journals José Enrique Rodó: The Birth of Latin America Out of Spiritual Revolt

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-200
Author(s):  
Hans Schelkshorn
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
South American ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
The South ◽  
Jose Vasconcelos ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
Jose Enrique Rodo ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract In the second half of the 19th century positivism became the official state doctrine of many countries in southern America. Around 1900, however, the authoritarian positivistic regimes were increasingly criticized due to their cultural imitation on the Anglo-Saxon world and the atheistic ideology. In this context, José Enrique Rodó, a poet and philosopher of Uruguay, called for a critical and creative re-adoption of the “Latin” roots of southern America, specifically Greek culture and early Christianity. In his essay “Ariel” (1900), Rodó sparked a spiritual revolt that especially affected the youth of the whole continent. In contrast to Nietzsche but on the basis of secular reason, Rodó defended a religion of love, which inspired important philosophies in the 20th century, from José Vasconcelos and Antonio Caso to the theologies and philosophies of liberation. Thus, “Latin America” as a self-designation of the South American peoples was essentially inaugurated through the spiritual revolt initiated by José Enrique Rodó.

scholarly journals The founding of the University of Belgrade and the controversy over the Faculty of Theology 1905-1920

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-149
Author(s):  
Marinko Lolic
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Crucial Problem ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper presents and sheds light on a 1919 controversy unfolding in the periodical Demokratija. Its main protagonists were the notable Serbian philosopher Branislav Petronijevic, theologist Radovan Kazimirovic and physiologist Ivan Djaja, and it concerned the proposal to establish a Faculty of Theology in Belgrade. The debate reflects in fact the conflict among Serbian intellectuals over fundamental principles of the university. We believe this is a most important intellectual dispute taking place in our academic public in the early 20th century. Although historical records indicate that the position of the Faculty of Theology within the future University was discussed as early as the 19th century, when the first ideas of founding a University in Serbia had been put forward, with discussions culminating on the occasion of the establishment of the first Serbian University in 1905, the questions raised then remained mainly unsolved and marked the one-century of the Belgrade University, the most prestigious Serbian institution of higher learning. Turbulent changes in our society in the 1990s announced new searches and radical reevaluation of the condition of our higher education. The problem of the Faculty of Theology thus resurfaced within not just academic but also broader political and cultural public. Unfortunately, some participants in this debate, disregarding the complexity of the issue, have focused their attention on the communist period alone, when the Faculty of Theology was separated from the University. In this way they avoid facing the crucial problem of the contemporary Serbian society - the problem of building modern secular educational and political institutions. .

scholarly journals Avatares de una visita que no fue: Enrico Ferriy la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba a principios del siglo XX = The Vicissitudes of a Failed visit: Enrico Ferriand the National University of Cordoba at the Beginning of the 20th Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
María Belén Portelli
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
National University ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Siglo Xx

Resumen: Este artículo se propone reconstruir y analizar las circunstancias conflictivas desarrolladas en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina) en torno a la potencial visita del criminólogo y socialista italiano Enrico Ferri en 1910. El episodio brinda la posibilidad de captar un entramado de actores, ideas y representaciones vigentes en la época en la casa de altos estudios cordobesa. En consecuencia, su análisis permite avanzar en la comprensión de las transformaciones culturales experimentadas por la universidad en el giro del siglo XIX al XX.Palabras clave: Argentina, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrico Ferri, visitas culturales, derecho.Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the conflictive circumstances that took place in the National University of Cordoba (Argentina) around the potential visit of the italian socialist and criminologist Enrico Ferri in 1910. The episode allows us to perceive a set of actors, ideas and representations in force at that time. Consequently, it contributes to advance in the understanding of the cultural transformations that developed at the university during the transition from the 19th century to the 20th century.Keywords: Argentina, National University of Cordoba, Enrico Ferri, cultural visits, law.

Martin Luther in Norway

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarald Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Career ◽  
World War ◽  
Comprehensive Collection ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

Until 1814, Norway was under Danish rule, and the story of Luther’s reception in Norway is included in the story of Luther’s reception in Denmark (cf. Niels Henrik Gregersen’s article on Luther in Denmark). The Reformation was introduced in Norway in 1536 along with Danish rule and loss of Norwegian national sovereignty. Most pastors—some Danes, but gradually also more Norwegians—were educated at the University of Copenhagen and were strongly influenced by the training they received there. In the period of national awakening in the 19th century, national identity and Lutheran identity were more difficult to combine in Norway than in neighboring Lutheran countries like Denmark, Sweden, or Germany. This period lasted quite long after 1814 until a specific tradition for Luther’s reception was established in Norway. Along with the Luther renaissance in Germany and Sweden in the 1920s and 1930s, a new interest in Luther and the Reformation also emerged in Norway. Luther texts (primarily texts from his early career) were translated into Norwegian, a Luther Society was established, and the first academic dissertation dealing with Luther’s theology was published. On the occasion of the 400th anniversary of the Reformation in Denmark/Norway, a comprehensive collection of essays was published in 1937 in order to reintroduce Luther and Reformation topics into religious and public debate. After World War II, scholarly research on Luther gradually increased in importance, and several Luther dissertations were published in international languages during the second half of the 20th century. In 1979 to 1983, six volumes of Luther’s writings were translated into Norwegian.

Georg von der Gabelentz

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McElvenny
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Wilhelm Von Humboldt ◽  
University Of Berlin ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Grammatical Change ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The German sinologist and general linguist Georg von der Gabelentz (1840–1893) occupies an interesting place at the intersection of several streams of linguistic scholarship at the end of the 19th century. As Professor of East Asian languages at the University of Leipzig from 1878 to 1889 and then Professor for Sinology and General Linguistics at the University of Berlin from 1889 until his death, Gabelentz was present at some of the main centers of linguistics at the time. He was, however, generally critical of mainstream historical-comparative linguistics as propagated by the neogrammarians, and instead emphasized approaches to language inspired by a line of researchers including Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), H. Steinthal (1823–1899), and his own father, Hans Conon von der Gabelentz (1807–1874). Today Gabelentz is chiefly remembered for several theoretical and methodological innovations which continue to play a role in linguistics. Most significant among these are his contributions to cross-linguistic syntactic comparison and typology, grammar-writing, and grammaticalization. His earliest linguistic work emphasized the importance of syntax as a core part of grammar and sought to establish a framework for the cross-linguistic description of word order, as had already been attempted for morphology by other scholars. The importance he attached to syntax was motivated by his engagement with Classical Chinese, a language almost devoid of morphology and highly reliant on syntax. In describing this language in his 1881 Chinesische Grammatik, Gabelentz elaborated and implemented the complementary “analytic” and “synthetic” systems of grammar, an approach to grammar-writing that continues to serve as a point of reference up to the present day. In his summary of contemporary thought on the nature of grammatical change in language, he became one of the first linguists to formulate the principles of grammaticalization in essentially the form that this phenomenon is studied today, although he did not use the current term. One key term of modern linguistics that he did employ, however, is “typology,” a term that he in fact coined. Gabelentz’s typology was a development on various contemporary strands of thought, including his own comparative syntax, and is widely acknowledged as a direct precursor of the present-day field. Gabelentz is a significant transitional figure from the 19th to the 20th century. On the one hand, his work seems very modern. Beyond his contributions to grammaticalization avant la lettre and his christening of typology, his conception of language prefigures the structuralist revolution of the early 20th century in important respects. On the other hand, he continues to entertain several preoccupations of the 19th century—in particular the judgment of the relative value of different languages—which were progressively banished from linguistics in the first decades of the 20th century.

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