scholarly journals Efficiency and endogenous fertility

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikel Pérez-Nievas ◽  
José I. Conde-Ruiz ◽  
Eduardo L. Giménez
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Measure ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Finite Horizon ◽  
Value Functions ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Endogenous Fertility ◽  
Efficient Allocations ◽  
Fertility Choices

This paper explores the properties of the notions of A ‐efficiency and P ‐efficiency, which were proposed by Golosov et al.. (2007), to evaluate allocations in a general overlapping generations setting in which fertility choices are endogenously selected from a continuum and any two agents of the same generation are identical. First, we show that the properties of A ‐efficient allocations vary depending on the criterion used to identify potential agents. If one identifies potential agents by their position in their siblings' birth order, as Golosov, Jones, and Tertilt do, then A ‐efficiency requires that a positive measure of agents use most of their endowment to maximize the utility of the dynasty head, which, in environments with finite‐horizon altruism, implies that some agents—the youngest in every family—obtain an arbitrary low income to finance their own consumption and fertility plans. If potential agents are identified by the dates in which they may be born, then A ‐efficiency reduces to dynastic maximization, which, in environments with finite‐horizon altruism, drives the economy to a collapse in finite time. To deal with situations like those arising in economies with finite‐horizon altruism, in which A ‐efficiency may be in conflict with individual rights, we propose to evaluate the efficiency of a given allocation with a particular class of specifications of P ‐efficiency for which the utility attributed to the unborn depends on the utility obtained by their living siblings. Under certain concavity assumptions on value functions, we also characterize every symmetric, P ‐efficient allocation as a Millian efficient allocation, that is, as a symmetric allocation that is not A ‐dominated—with the birth‐order criterion—by any other symmetric allocation.

scholarly journals On Governance and the Demographic Transition

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 319-330
Author(s):  
Flaubert Mbiekop
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
Child Quality ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Weak Institutions ◽  
The One ◽  
Fertility Choices

It is now conventional wisdom that institutions shape household fertility choices, especially in developing countries. However, deeper insights into the mechanisms at play are still needed. This paper develops a game-theoretical framework with a simple overlapping-generations model to show how a typical household may come to prefer bearing and raising numerous children as a savings scheme for retirement and not rely on conventional outlets for saving when facing weak institutions. On the one hand weak institutions increase the risk that individuals may lose their savings if relying on conventional outlets. On the other hand, childbearing as an investment/savings scheme carries with it the risk that disguised or complete unemployment may prevent grown children from providing the expected old-age financial support. The typical household thus trades off between both types of risks, yet with more control in the latter case, as the likelihood of unemployment can be reduced by carefully selecting a child quality-quantity strategy. Mild conditions are sufficient to show that sound institutions induce less fertility and foster private saving and oldage consumption. A simple voting experiment unveils a tricky socio- economic dynamics whereby wealthier households may have stakes supporting weak institutions.

scholarly journals Optimal selection policies for a sequence of candidate drugs

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (02) ◽  
pp. 359-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Charalambous ◽  
J. C. Gittins
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Optimal Policies ◽  
Efficient Allocations ◽  
Selection Of

Pharmaceutical companies have to face huge risks and enormous costs of production before they can produce a drug. Efficient allocation of resources is essential to help in maximizing profits. Yu and Gittins (2007) described a model and associated software for determining efficient allocations for a preclinical research project. This is the starting point for this paper. We provide explicit optimal policies for the selection of successive candidate drugs for two restricted versions of the Yu and Gittins (2007) model. To some extent these policies are likely to be applicable to the unrestricted model.

scholarly journals Birth order and sibship composition as predictors of overweight or obesity among low-income 4- to 8-year-old children

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Mosli ◽  
A. L. Miller ◽  
K. E. Peterson ◽  
N. Kaciroti ◽  
K. Rosenblum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

scholarly journals HABIT FORMATION, DYNASTIC ALTRUISM, AND POPULATION DYNAMICS

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schäfer ◽  
Simone Valente
Keyword(s):  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Habit Formation ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Endogenous Fertility ◽  
Neoclassical Model ◽  
Critical Interval ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Second Period

We study the general equilibrium properties of two growth models with overlapping generations, habit formation, and endogenous fertility. In the neoclassical model, habits modify the economy's growth rate and generate transitional dynamics in fertility; stationary income per capita is associated with either increasing or decreasing population and output, depending on the strength of habits. In the AK specification, growing population and increasing consumption per capita require that the habit coefficient lie within definite boundaries; outside the critical interval, positive growth is associated with either declining consumption due to overcrowding, or extinction paths with declining population. In both frameworks, habits reduce fertility: the trade-off between second-period consumption and spending for bequests prompts agents to decrease fertility in order to make parental altruism less costly. This mechanism suggests that status-dependent preferences may explain part of the decline in fertility rates observed in most developed economies.

scholarly journals Finding Fair and Efficient Allocations for Matroid Rank Valuations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Nawal Benabbou ◽  
Mithun Chakraborty ◽  
Ayumi Igarashi ◽  
Yair Zick
Keyword(s):  
Convex Function ◽  
Real World ◽  
Function Class ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Indivisible Goods ◽  
Valuation Function ◽  
Bipartite Matching ◽  
Optimal Outcomes ◽  
Efficient Allocations ◽  
Rank Functions

In this article, we present new results on the fair and efficient allocation of indivisible goods to agents whose preferences correspond to matroid rank functions . This is a versatile valuation class with several desirable properties (such as monotonicity and submodularity), which naturally lends itself to a number of real-world domains. We use these properties to our advantage; first, we show that when agent valuations are matroid rank functions, a socially optimal (i.e., utilitarian social welfare-maximizing) allocation that achieves envy-freeness up to one item (EF1) exists and is computationally tractable. We also prove that the Nash welfare-maximizing and the leximin allocations both exhibit this fairness/efficiency combination by showing that they can be achieved by minimizing any symmetric strictly convex function over utilitarian optimal outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first valuation function class not subsumed by additive valuations for which it has been established that an allocation maximizing Nash welfare is EF1. Moreover, for a subclass of these valuation functions based on maximum (unweighted) bipartite matching, we show that a leximin allocation can be computed in polynomial time. Additionally, we explore possible extensions of our results to fairness criteria other than EF1 as well as to generalizations of the above valuation classes.

Effects of Fathers' Absence and Birth Order on Aggressive Behavior of Young Male Children

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1223-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherle L. Boone
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Hispanic Males ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Post Hoc

Aggression scores were obtained for 50 inner-city Hispanic males. An analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant interaction between birth order and number of parents in the household. Post hoc analysis indicated that last-born subjects reared in low-income families with fathers absent displayed more aggressive behavior than firstborn, middle-born, or last-born subjects in families with fathers present. Moreover, there was an indication that firstborn and middle-born subjects in families with fathers absent may be more aggressive than their counterparts in families with fathers present. These results suggest that birth order should be considered in studies of the behavior and personality development of males in father-absent families. Research designs should differentiate between last-born and middle-born siblings.

scholarly journals Review Literatur: Analisis Determinan Sosio Demografi Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita di Berbagai Negara Berkembang

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
Rachma Purwanti ◽  
Desi Nurfita
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Number Of Children

UNICEF reported that in 2014 as many as 2/3 of the number of children aged less than five years in low income countries experienced stunting. Stunting is a predictor of the poor quality of human resources and decreasing the productivity of mation in the future. This literature review aims to analyse sociodemographic determinants of the incidence of stunting in children in various developing countries. The design of this study is a literature review with a systematic review method. Articles are traced using several search enginse. The Google Database is the main source in this literature review. The inclusion criteria of the selected articles include: 1) journal/scientific report, 2) presentation in English, 3) Published last 10 years (2008 – 2018), 4) articles using research subject are children <60 months old, and, 5) articles with design correlation research There was a positive relationship between recidence and the incidence of stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,05; p<0,01; p<0,0001). There is a negative relationships between family economic status and the incidence of stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,001; p<0,001), the education level of mothers with the incidence of stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,0001; p<0,0001; p<0,01; p<0,01; p<0,01; and p<0,01), father’s education level with the incidence of stunting (p<0,0001 dan p<0,01). There is a relationship between birth order of children, living with grandmother and polygamy with the incidence of stunting (p<0,01; p<0,01, p<0,001). Socio demographic determinants of stunting events include: 1. residence (rural/urban), 2. Family economic status, 3. Parental education, and 4. Contact with other culture , including the birth order, living with grandparents and polygamy. Keywords: determinant; socio demographic; under five years; stunting; developing countries Abstrak UNICEF melaporkan sebanyak 2/3 dari jumlah anak usia kurang dari 5 tahun di negara berpenghasilan menengah ke bawah mengalami stunting pada tahun 2014. Stunting merupakan prediktor buruknya kualitas sumber daya manusia dan menurunkan produktivitas suatu bangsa di masa yang akan datang. Literatur Review ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis determinan sosio-demografi kejadian stunting pada balita di berbagai negara berkembang. Desain penelitian ini adalah literature review dengan metode sistematik review. Artikel-artikel ditelusuri menggunakan beberapa search engine. Database google menjadi sumber utama dalam literature review ini. Kriteria inklusi dari artikel yang dipilih antara lain : 1) jurnal/laporan ilmiah, 2) Disajikan dalam bahasa inggris, 3) Terbit 10 tahun terakhir (tahun 2008 sampai tahun 2018), 4) Artikel menggunakan subjek penelitian adalah anak usia <60 bulan, dan 5) Artikel dengan desain correlation research. Ada hubungan positif tempat tinggal dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,05; p<0,01; p<0,0001). Ada hubungan negatif status ekonomi keluarga dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,001; p<0,001), tingkat pendidikan ibu dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,0001; p<0,0001; p<0,0001; p<0,01; p<0,01; p<0,01; dan p<0,01), dan tingkat pendidikan ayah dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,0001 dan p<0,01). Ada hubungan urutan kelahiran anak, tinggal bersama nenek, dan poligami dengan kejadian stunting (p<0,01; p<0,01, dan p<0,001). Determinan sosio demografi kejadian stunting meliputi: 1. Tempat tinggal (rural/urban), 2. Status ekonomi keluarga, 3. Tingkat pendidikan orang tua (ayah dan ibu), dan 4. Kontak dengan budaya lain, meliputi urutan kelahiran anak, tinggal bersama kakek/nenek, dan adanya poligami. Kata kunci: determinan; sosio demografi; balita; stunting; negara berkembang

Viscosity Solutions of Hybrid Game Problems with Unbounded Cost Functionals

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550016
Author(s):  
Dharmatti Sheetal
Keyword(s):  
Viscosity Solution ◽  
Value Function ◽  
Infinite Horizon ◽  
Function Class ◽  
Finite Horizon ◽  
Value Functions ◽  
Unbounded Cost ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
Cost Functionals ◽  
Horizon Case

This paper analyzes zero sum game involving hybrid controls using viscosity solution theory where both players use discrete as well as continuous controls. We study two problems, one in finite horizon and other in infinite horizon. In both cases, we allow the cost functionals to be unbounded with certain growth, hence the corresponding lower and upper value functions defined in Elliot–Kalton sense can be unbounded. We characterize the value functions as the unique viscosity solution of the associated lower and upper quasi variational inequalities in a suitable function class. Further we find a condition under which the game has a value for both games. The major difficulties arise due to unboundedness of value function. In infinite horizon case we prove uniqueness of viscosity solution by converting the unbounded value function into bounded ones by suitable transformation. In finite horizon case an argument is based on comparison with a supersolution.

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