Symmetry break in the eight bubble compaction

This note will be brief attention to an unknown current in SM4 Field based on disintegrating the Lagrangian of quarks in SM4 into four parts. It is shown that the current breaks while interacting with the quarks and makes the quarks to not interact with fourth-generation quarks. This note also shows that gauge bosons are produced while these currents symmetry break and provides the service as mediators.

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Coexistence of both gyroid chiralities in individual butterfly wing scales of Callophrys rubi

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1511354112 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 112 (42) ◽

pp. 12911-12916 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Benjamin Winter ◽

Benjamin Butz ◽

Christel Dieker ◽

Gerd E. Schröder-Turk ◽

Klaus Mecke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crystallographic Texture ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Electron Tomography ◽

Formation Model ◽

Triply Periodic ◽

Left And Right ◽

Crystalline Domains ◽

Symmetry Break ◽

Scale Surface ◽

Wing Scales

The wing scales of the Green Hairstreak butterfly Callophrys rubi consist of crystalline domains with sizes of a few micrometers, which exhibit a congenitally handed porous chitin microstructure identified as the chiral triply periodic single-gyroid structure. Here, the chirality and crystallographic texture of these domains are investigated by means of electron tomography. The tomograms unambiguously reveal the coexistence of the two enantiomeric forms of opposite handedness: the left- and right-handed gyroids. These two enantiomers appear with nonequal probabilities, implying that molecularly chiral constituents of the biological formation process presumably invoke a chiral symmetry break, resulting in a preferred enantiomeric form of the gyroid structure. Assuming validity of the formation model proposed by Ghiradella H (1989) J Morphol 202(1):69–88 and Saranathan V, et al. (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(26):11676–11681, where the two enantiomeric labyrinthine domains of the gyroid are connected to the extracellular and intra-SER spaces, our findings imply that the structural chirality of the single gyroid is, however, not caused by the molecular chirality of chitin. Furthermore, the wing scales are found to be highly textured, with a substantial fraction of domains exhibiting the <001> directions of the gyroid crystal aligned parallel to the scale surface normal. Both findings are needed to completely understand the photonic purpose of the single gyroid in gyroid-forming butterflies. More importantly, they show the level of control that morphogenesis exerts over secondary features of biological nanostructures, such as chirality or crystallographic texture, providing inspiration for biomimetic replication strategies for synthetic self-assembly mechanisms.

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Symmetry-Break in a Minimal Lorenz-Like System

Chaotic Systems ◽

10.1142/9789814299725_0022 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Valerio Lucarini ◽

Klaus Fraedrich

Keyword(s):

Symmetry Break

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Effects of Spontaneous Symmetry Break in the Origin of Non-analytic Behavior of Entanglement at Quantum Phase Transitions

Frontiers in Physics ◽

10.3389/fphy.2016.00051 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Leonardo J. Pereira ◽

Thiago R. de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Phase Transitions ◽

Quantum Phase Transitions ◽

Quantum Phase ◽

Analytic Behavior ◽

Symmetry Break

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Right-handed snakes: convergent evolution of asymmetry for functional specialization

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2006.0600 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 169-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Masaki Hoso ◽

Takahiro Asami ◽

Michio Hori

Keyword(s):

Directional Asymmetry ◽

Foraging Efficiency ◽

Functional Specialization ◽

Soft Body ◽

Ecological Requirements ◽

Feeding Experiments ◽

Key Innovation ◽

The Right ◽

Snake Predators ◽

Symmetry Break

External asymmetry found in diverse animals bears critical functions to fulfil ecological requirements. Some snail-eating arthropods exhibit directional asymmetry in their feeding apparatus for foraging efficiency because dextral (clockwise) species are overwhelmingly predominant in snails. Here, we show convergence of directional asymmetry in the dentition of snail-eating vertebrates. We found that snakes in the subfamily Pareatinae, except for non-snail-eating specialists, have more teeth on the right mandible than the left. In feeding experiments, a snail-eating specialist Pareas iwasakii completed extracting a dextral soft body faster with fewer mandible retractions than a sinistral body. The snakes failed in holding and dropped sinistral snails more often owing to behavioural asymmetry when striking. Our results demonstrate that symmetry break in dentition is a key innovation that has opened a unique ecological niche for snake predators.

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