Mycobiota and naturally-occurring ochratoxin A in dairy cattle feed from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rosa ◽  
L. Cavaglieri ◽  
J. Ribeiro ◽  
K. Keller ◽  
V. Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Care Costs ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Penicillium Spp

The worldwide contamination of foods and feeds with toxigenic fungi and its mycotoxins is a significant problem of great agro-economic importance. The impact of mycotoxins includes toxic effects on humans and animals with increased health care, veterinary care costs and a reduced livestock production. The aims of the present work were: (1) to determine the mycobiota present in raw materials and finished cow's feed as well as to determine the ability of several Aspergillus and Penicillium isolated species to produce ochratoxin A, and (2) to evaluate the ochratoxin A production on these substrates. Samples (133) (corn, brewer's grain, barley rootlets, cotton flour, pelletised citric pulp and finished cow's feed) were collected. They were examined for total moulds, Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. occurrence and relative densities. The capacity to produce ochratoxin A by selected Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. was determined by HPLC. Total mould counts were generally higher than 1 x 104 cfu/g. Aspergillus and Penicillium species were isolated in the highest numbers. Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and A. ochraceus were the most prevalent species. A. niger (38.5%), A. carbonarius (71.4%), A. ochraceus (32.7%), and P. verrucosum (13.1%) were OTA producers at levels that ranged between 9 and 126 µg/kg. Finished cow's feed (25%), corn (31%), barley rootlet (21.6%) and brewer's grain (45%) samples were positive for OTA contamination. In this study, total counts were over the proposed limit to ensure hygienic quality. In general, samples showed the main toxicogenic genera, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium, as prevalent. OTA producer strains were found and many samples yielded OTA levels higher than the permissible limits. OTA survey in raw materials and storage practices must be investigated to determine their occurrence and to establish the livestock toxicological risk in cow's feed.

scholarly journals Fungal contamination and natural occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in poultry feed

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
Z. Pavlovski ◽  
M. Lukic ◽  
Z. Skrbic ◽  
Lj. Stojanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Enzymatic Assay ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Feed Samples

Total fungal count, the presence of potentially toxigenic fungi and natural occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) were studied in 30 poultry feed samples (14 samples of feed for chickens and 16 samples of feed for laying hens), which were collected from different farms in Serbia at the beginning of year 2014. The total number of fungi was determined by the method of dilution and OTA was detected using the imunoadsorption enzymatic assay (ELISA). In most of the samples of chickens feed (50%) the total number of fungi was 1 - 3 x 102 CFU g-1, and in feed for laying hens the highest number of samples (37.50%) had the total fungal count from 1.4 to 4.8 x 104 CFU g -1. The species of genera Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified as producers of OTA in 21.43% and 42.86% of chickens feed samples and in 68.75% and 25% of samples of feed for laying hens. The presence of OTA was detected in 100% of samples of feed for chickens and laying hens, with average concentrations of 34.40 ?g kg-1 (feed for chickens) and 43.89 ?g kg-1 (feed for laying hens). The total fungal count and content of OTA were not above the maximum allowed quantities, even though the presence of Aspergillus and Penicillium species was found in a large number of samples (up to 68.75%). These results indicate that the tested samples of poultry feed were mycologically and mycotoxicologically correct.

scholarly journals Isolation and identification of toxigenic and non-toxigenic fungi in samples of medicinal plants from the market

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-266
Author(s):  
C.G. PEREIRA ◽  
J.R.O. SILVA ◽  
L.R. BATISTA
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Coconut Milk ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Product ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

ABSTRACT:The consumption of preparations of medicinal plants has been increasing during the last decades in occidental societies. The presence of toxigenic fungi in a plant product may represent a potential risk of contamination, because of aflatoxins and ochratoxins. In this study, 12 samples of medicinal plants were analyzed in relation to the level of fungal contamination, and the presence of producers of ochratoxin A and aflatoxins was assessed by visualization of fungi using a cromatovisor in coconut milk. Most of the species found belong to the genus Cladosporium, Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Species producing ochratoxin A were present in 2 samples (16.7%), Melissa and Hibiscus. Species producing aflatoxin were found in samples of Jacaranda decurrens (8.33%). This study suggests that herbs, if stored improperly, can provide the growth of fungi and should be examined before consumption.

scholarly journals Fungi and Mycotoxins in Feed Intended for Sows at Different Reproductive Stages in Argentina

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Maricel Pereyra ◽  
Lilia Renée Cavaglieri ◽  
Stella Maris Chiacchiera ◽  
Ana María Dalcero
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Species Occurrence ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Periodic Monitoring ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Feed Samples

The aim of this study was to evaluate fungi and contamination levels of aflatoxinB1, ochratoxin A, fumonisinB1, and zearalenone in raw materials and finished feed intended for sows at different reproductive stages. Total fungi,Aspergillus,Penicillium, andFusariumspecies occurrence, were examined.Aspergillus flavus,A. niger aggregatespp., andF. verticillioideswere the prevalent species. Fungal counts exceeded the levels proposed as feed hygienic quality limits (1×104colony forming units) at all reproductive stages. AflatoxinB1, ochratoxin A, fumonisinB1, and zearalenone were detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Aflatoxin levels in 80% samples of finished sow feeds were over the permitted levels of 0.02 μgg-1(mean228.2±95 μgKg−1). FumonisinB1was detected in all tested raw materials at levels that varied from 50.3 to 1137.64 μgKg−1and finished feed samples at levels that ranged from 99.8 to 512.4 μgKg−1. AflatoxinB1, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A were not detected in raw materials. All finished feeds were negative for zearalenone contamination whereas all nonpregnant gilt samples were contaminated with low OTA levels (mean0.259±0.123). This fact requires periodic monitoring to prevent the occurrence of mycotoxicosis in animal production, to reduce the economic losses, and to minimize hazards to human health.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and Host Susceptibility of Penicillium spp. on Citrus

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Petrus Louw ◽  
Lise Korsten
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Fruit Pathogens ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Citrus Spp

Citrus fruit are exposed to numerous postharvest pathogens throughout the fresh produce supply chain. Well-known postharvest citrus fruit pathogens are Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum. Lesser-known pathogens include P. crustosum and P. expansum. This study examined pathogenicity and aggressiveness of Penicillium spp. present in fresh fruit supply chains on various Citrus spp. and cultivars. The impact of different inoculation methods and storage conditions on decay were also assessed. P. digitatum and P. italicum were the most aggressive Penicillium spp. on citrus but aggressiveness varied significantly over the evaluated citrus range. Decay and tissue-response lesions caused by P. crustosum were observed on ‘Nules Clementine’, ‘Nova’, ‘Owari Satsuma’, ‘Delta Valencia’, ‘Cambria Navel’, ‘Eureka’ seeded, and ‘Star Ruby’ for the first time. Likewise, these lesions caused by P. expansum were noted on Nules Clementine, Owari Satsuma, Delta Valencia, ‘Midknight Valencia’, and Eureka seeded for the first time. Tissue-response lesions affect fruit quality and some Penicillium spp. sporulated from the lesions, causing the inoculated species to complete their life cycle. New citrus–Penicillium spp. interactions were observed and the importance of monitoring inoculum loads of pathogens and nonhost pathogens were highlighted.

scholarly journals Phosphogypsum Recycling: A Review of Environmental Issues, Current Trends, and Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1575
Author(s):  
Yelizaveta Chernysh ◽  
Olena Yakhnenko ◽  
Viktoriia Chubur ◽  
Hynek Roubík
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Waste Dumps ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Biochemical Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Storage

The problem of recycling and storage of phosphogypsum is topical for many countries around the world, as it is associated with environmental problems of pollution of water bodies, land, and atmosphere. Therefore, this paper analyzes the directions of phosphogypsum recycling and possible alternatives to its use. The main disadvantages of the existing methods of phosphogypsum processing were identified and trends in this waste management were also considered. Through the VOSviewer programme, a visualization of cluster interconnections was carried out in research publications of various fields of phosphogypsum utilization. Five clusters were formed: a red cluster—phosphogypsum recycling in the construction industry; green cluster—radiation pollution problem of phosphogypsum and phosphate fertilizers; yellow cluster—monitoring migration of phosphogypsum components in the ecosystem, with the mobile forms of heavy metals and their inflow into aquifers from phosphogypsum dumps; blue cluster—use of phosphogypsum in agriculture as an ameliorant and a component of fertilizer; and a purple cluster—the impact of phosphogypsum on microorganisms, particularly in bioremediation processes. Under the proposed integrated biochemical approach, the use of various bioprocesses of phosphogypsum recovery from waste dumps and implementation of new biotechnological solutions for processing phosphorus raw materials are presented.

Оrganic Meat Production of Broiler Chickens Hubbard Redbro Cross

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
The Impact

This article presents the results of studying the impact of housing and feeding conditions on broiler chickens of Hubbard RedBro cross, as well as the quality of products obtained when using floor and cage content, in a farm. It established that when receiving a mixed feed of own production using feed raw materials grown on a farm without the use of pesticides, a statistically significant decrease in potentially dangerous substances for animal health is recorded. Compared with factory feed, it has reduced the content of pesticides by 14 times, and mercury and arsenic by 24 times, cadmium by five times, and lead by ten times. The results of the study of economic indicators of growing Hubbard RedBro cross broiler chickens, as well as the chemical composition and quality of carcasses, indicated that there was no significant difference between the floor and cell conditions of keeping. Still, the use of a diet based on eco-feeds contributed to a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of toxic metals in the muscles of the poultry of the experimental groups. As a result, it found that the use of the studied compound feed in the diets of broiler chickens increased the indicators of Biosafety and ensured the production of environmentally safe ("organic") poultry meat products.

Impact of Raw Materials and Processing Techniques on The Microbiological Quality of Egyptian Domiati Cheese

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fresh Cheese ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Yeast

Domiati cheese is the most popular brand of cheese ripened in brine in the Middle East in terms of consumed quantities. This study was performed to investigate the impact of the microbiological quality of the used raw materials, the applied traditional processing techniques and ripening period on the quality and safety of the produced cheese. Three hundred random composite samples were collected from three factories at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Collected samples represent twenty-five each of: raw milk, table salt, calf rennet, microbial rennet, water, environmental air, whey, fresh cheese, ripened cheese & swabs from: worker hands; cheese molds and utensils; tanks. All samples were examined microbiologically for Standard Plate Count (SPC), coliforms count, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) count, total yeast & mould count, presence of E. coli, Salmonellae and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The mean value of SPC, coliforms, S. aureus and total yeast & mould counts ranged from (79×102 CFU/m3 for air to 13×108 CFU/g for fresh cheese), (7×102 MPN/ cm2 for tank swabs to 80×106 MPN/ml for raw milk), (9×102 CFU/g for salt to 69×106 CFU/g for fresh cheese) and (2×102 CFU/cm2 for hand swabs to 60×104 CFU/g for fresh cheese), respectively. Whereas, E. coli, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes failed to be detected in all examined samples. There were significant differences in all determined microbiological parameters (p ≤0.05) between fresh and ripened cheese which may be attributed to different adverse conditions such as water activity, pH, salt content and temperature carried out to improve the quality of the product.

The Impact of Physical Activity on Mitigation of Health Care Costs Related to Diabetes Mellitus: Findings from Developed and Developing Settings

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Camilo Turi ◽  
Henrique Luiz Monteiro ◽  
Rômulo Araújo Fernandes ◽  
Jamile Sanches Codogno
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Care Costs ◽  
Developing Settings

scholarly journals 2-Piece Cork Stoppers as Alternative for Valorization of Thin Cork Planks: Analysis by LCA Methodology

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 873
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Flor-Montalvo ◽  
Agustín Sánchez-Toledo Ledesma ◽  
Eduardo Martínez Cámara ◽  
Emilio Jiménez-Macías ◽  
Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lca Methodology ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Thickness ◽  
Cork Stoppers ◽  
Wine Bottle

Natural stoppers are a magnificent closure for the production of aging wines and unique wines, whose application is limited by the availability of raw materials and more specifically of cork sheets of different thickness and quality. The growing demand for quality wine bottle closures leads to the search for alternative stopper production. The two-piece stopper is an alternative since it uses non-usable plates in a conventional way for the production of quality caps. The present study has analyzed the impact of the manufacture of these two-piece stoppers using different methodologies and for different dimensions by developing an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), concluding that the process phases of the plate, its boiling, and its stabilization, are the phases with the greatest impact. Likewise, it is detected that the impacts in all phases are relatively similar (for one kg of net cork produced), although the volumetric difference between these stoppers represents a significant difference in impacts for each unit produced.

scholarly journals The Impact of Alkaloid-Producing Epichloë Endophyte on Forage Ryegrass Breeding: A New Zealand Perspective

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Colin Eady
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Abiotic Stressors ◽  
Livestock Health ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Epichloë Endophyte

For 30 years, forage ryegrass breeding has known that the germplasm may contain a maternally inherited symbiotic Epichloë endophyte. These endophytes produce a suite of secondary alkaloid compounds, dependent upon strain. Many produce ergot and other alkaloids, which are associated with both insect deterrence and livestock health issues. The levels of alkaloids and other endophyte characteristics are influenced by strain, host germplasm, and environmental conditions. Some strains in the right host germplasm can confer an advantage over biotic and abiotic stressors, thus acting as a maternally inherited desirable ‘trait’. Through seed production, these mutualistic endophytes do not transmit into 100% of the crop seed and are less vigorous than the grass seed itself. This causes stability and longevity issues for seed production and storage should the ‘trait’ be desired in the germplasm. This makes understanding the precise nature of the relationship vitally important to the plant breeder. These Epichloë endophytes cannot be ‘bred’ in the conventional sense, as they are asexual. Instead, the breeder may modulate endophyte characteristics through selection of host germplasm, a sort of breeding by proxy. This article explores, from a forage seed company perspective, the issues that endophyte characteristics and breeding them by proxy have on ryegrass breeding, and outlines the methods used to assess the ‘trait’, and the application of these through the breeding, production, and deployment processes. Finally, this article investigates opportunities for enhancing the utilisation of alkaloid-producing endophytes within pastures, with a focus on balancing alkaloid levels to further enhance pest deterrence and improving livestock outcomes.

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