Use of insects for fish and poultry compound feed in sub-Saharan Africa – a systematic review

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ssepuuya ◽  
V. Namulawa ◽  
D. Mbabazi ◽  
S. Mugerwa ◽  
P. Fuuna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
House Fly ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Sub Saharan

The cost of compound feed is a constraint in intensive fish and poultry farming, contributing 60-80% of the total production costs, 70% of which is due to fish and soy meal used as protein source. This review presents the extent to which insects have been utilised as an alternative protein source in feed in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A key word search of agricultural, biological and multi-disciplinary databases and academic search engines was conducted for literature on the extent of research and utilisation of insects in poultry and fish feed in SSA. There is limited published information on the practice as well as technical and economic feasibility of the use of insects as alternative protein ingredients in compound feed. This is likely because research on the subject is fairly recently initiated and yet to be published. Excluding South Africa, rearing, processing and use of insects is still at experimentation level at laboratory scale. Insects (grasshoppers, house fly maggots, Westwood larvae, termites and garden snail) meal replaced conventional protein sources by 10-100% without affecting the growth performance of fish and poultry. In some cases, insect based feed performed better than conventional feed. Nutritional composition data of insects published for SSA majorly focused on proximate composition and not characterisation of the nutritional quality. Several research and development projects on the technical and economic feasibility, social acceptability and potential social-economic impact are ongoing and expected to increase available data when completed. Published research confirms the potential of insects for use in poultry and fish production systems and mass production and processing of target insects is the next necessary step. Based on available and ongoing research, piloting and up-scaling the use of insects as alternative protein sources in animal feed in partnership with private sector in SSA is necessary. This will confirm and enhance the technical and economic feasibility of using of insects as an alternative protein source on a commercial scale.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Cooperated “Multi-Countries” Biodiesel Production and Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tito Francisco Ianda ◽  
Emerson Andrade Sales ◽  
Ademar Nogueira Nascimento ◽  
Antonio Domingos Padula
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sub Saharan

Sub-Saharan African countries present chronic energy shortages and heavy reliance on oil imports for diesel. The small demand and high production costs in some countries have compromised the economic feasibility of the biodiesel industry in the region. Therefore, to overcome these limitations a model of “multi-countries” cooperated production and consumption of biodiesel was proposed for a group of seven neighboring countries. The model explored linear programming and simulations to the problem of minimizing biodiesel production costs considering different types of production and demand restrictions. The data processing was realized using the Solver and Linear Interactive Discrete Optimizer software (LINDO). The simulations and scenarios revealed that palm oil is the crop that minimize the production costs (US$0.82/L) and that, although jatropha was classified in the second place (US$1.05/L), it is the crop with the biggest job creation potential (5.0 times that of the palm oil seeds). These results reveal the presence of a trade-off in the strategy and the choice between different oilseeds: (a) to produce biodiesel from the crop with minimal costs (palm oil) or (b) to choose the one that has the biggest potential for job creation (jatropha). Considering the diesel price between US$0.60 and US$1.14/L at service stations in the region in 2016, both the biodiesel from palm oil and jatropha will need subsidies and fiscal incentives (tax reductions) to be competitive in the fuel market (diesel). The volume of biodiesel to supply the B10 demand in 2031 has the potential to reduce US$ 1.98 billion/year of the expenses on oil imports. It is worth observing that this decision-support model adds the “multi-countries” cooperation perspective as a contribution to the methodological and political approaches about biofuels production and consumption and can be exploited as a starting point for the formulation of policies, strategies, and investment decisions for the establishment of biodiesel production programs.

scholarly journals Adoption and Dis-Adoption of Sustainable Agriculture: A Case of Farmers’ Innovations and Integrated Fruit Fly Management in Kenya

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Charity M. Wangithi ◽  
Beatrice W. Muriithi ◽  
Raphael Belmin
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Indigenous Methods

The invasive fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis poses a major threat to the production and trade of mango in sub-Saharan Africa. Farmers devise different innovations to manage the pest in an attempt to minimize yield loss and production costs while maximizing revenues. Using survey data obtained from Embu County, Kenya, we analyzed farmers’ knowledge and perception as regards the invasive fruit fly, their innovations for the management of the pest, and the determinants of their adoption and dis-adoption decisions of recently developed and promoted integrated pest management (IPM) technologies for suppression of the pest. The results show that farmers consider fruit flies as a major threat to mango production (99%) and primarily depend on pesticides (90%) for the management of the pest. Some farmers (35%) however use indigenous methods to manage the pest. Though farmers possess good knowledge of different IPM strategies, uptake is relatively low. The regression estimates show that continued use of IPM is positively associated with the gender and education of the household head, size of a mango orchard, knowledge on mango pests, training, contact with an extension officer, and use of at least one non-pesticide practice for fruit fly management, while IPM dis-adoption was negatively correlated with the size of the mango orchard, practice score and use of indigenous innovations for fruit fly management. We recommend enhancing farmer′s knowledge through increased access to training programs and extension services for enhanced adoption of sustainable management practices for B. dorsalis.

The Population Obstacle to Economic Transformation in sub-Saharan Africa

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-477
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Gormely
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan

As the economic development of a country occurs, and its income per capita rises, an economic transformation takes place. The importance of both production and employment in agriculture, as proportions of total production and total employment, declines. This structural transformation of the less-developed economy from one dominated by agriculture to one dominated by non-agriculture has occurred in every country which has experienced a sustained rise in income per capita. Because the transformation has occurred in every successful development effort so far, we have reason to suspect that structural transformation is a concomitant of economic development, and will occur in the future as the less-developed countries experience economic development.

scholarly journals Poverty Alleviation Through Technology-Driven Increases in Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Dryland Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa: How Plausible Is This Theory of Change?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Harris ◽  
Judith Oduol ◽  
Karl Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Sub Saharan

The current paradigm of agricultural research and extension in support of rural development in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is to disseminate improved technologies designed to increase the generally low crop yields per hectare on individual farms. Using data from a baseline survey (n = 7,539) from a large rural development programme implemented in five countries in SSA, we calculate the increases in yield per hectare required to significantly contribute to poverty alleviation for households managing such farms. We estimate the gap between current crop productivity and the productivity required to reach a poverty line of $1.90 per capita per day adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). We find this gap to be very large, both in percentage and absolute terms. Median additional gross crop productivity required to reach this poverty threshold was: $324/ha/year (254% increase) in Mali; $1,359/ha/year (1,157% increase) in Niger; $4,989/ha/year (665% increase) in Ethiopia; $1,742/ha/year (818% increase) in Burkina Faso; $2,893/ha/year (1,297% increase) in Kenya. The required additional productivity taking account of production costs including the opportunity cost of family labor would need to be even higher. Given that (a) values of net productivity of improved rainfed crop technologies reported in the literature rarely exceed $1,000/ha/year; and (b) the majority of arable farms in SSA are two hectares or less with increasing trends toward land fragmentation, we argue that closing the yield gap among smallholder farmers in SSA will never—alone—be sufficient to meaningfully alleviate the high levels of poverty and deprivation many currently experience.

scholarly journals Production, Utilization and Nutritional benefits of Orange Fleshed Sweetpotato (OFSP) Puree Bread: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 644-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSHUA OMBAKA OWADE ◽  
GEORGE OOKO ABONG ◽  
MICHAEL WANDAYI OKOTH
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Cereal Product ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Bread Production ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Bread though an exotic food product in sub-Saharan Africa, has been an important cereal product consumed by most individuals among the vast Sub-Saharan African population. Bread formulations in both the local and industrial production have evolved. The latest and emerging technology in bread formulation involve the incorporation of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) puree. OFSP puree-based bread is commercially available across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and is being promoted due to the potential nutritional benefits that it possesses. Together with OFSP flour based bread, OFSP puree based bread serves as a good food vehicle for β-carotene; this serves to alleviate vitamin A deficiency (VAD) especially among the vulnerable population in SSA. The production of OFSP puree based bread has so far been relying on fresh OFSP puree or cold-chain stored OFSP puree. However, this has presented economic challenges and problems to the sustainability and expansion in OFSP puree bread production. Cold chain stored OFSP puree is capital intensive and has inconsistent supply. With the development of shelf-storable preservative treated OFSP puree, most of these challenges will be overcome without undoing the currently harnessed benefits. The use of OFSP puree in bread baking can then be expanded easily at minimal production costs and maximum retention of nutritional quality. Therefore, the use of the shelf-storable OFSP puree in bread baking needs to be evaluated further to present a substantiated case for its use. The current review has been developed with focus on the scientific advances in the production of OFSP puree based bread from both historical and a forecast perspective. The scientific progress and breakthroughs in the use of OFSP puree in bread are critically reviewed.

scholarly journals Techno-economic performance of imported kukje self-propelled rice transplanter

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Munnaf ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
FY Ruma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Area Coverage ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Labor Input ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Field Efficiency ◽  
Benefit Cost

The experiment was conducted to study the performance of Kukje self-propelled rice transplanter and to study the economic feasibility of mechanical transplanting method over manual transplanting method. Each of the transplanting method had three unit plots of sized 20 m x 10 m. The field efficiency and planting efficiency of the transplanter were 83.33% and 95%, respectively. Percent damaged (3.33%) and missing (5.33%) hills were higher in mechanical transplanting method and percent floating (4.33%) hill was higher in case of manual transplanting method. The average labor input in mechanical transplanting was 1.4 man-day/ha where 25 man-day/ha was in case of manual transplanting. The total production costs were 53612 tk/ha and 49304 tk/ha for manual transplanting and mechanical transplanting methods, respectively. Crop established with mechanical transplanting method resulted in higher average grain yield of 6.66 t/ha than manual transplanting method resulted average grain yield of 5.83 t/ha. The net return of manual and mechanical transplanting method were 42310 and 61080 tk/ha, respectively. The benefit cost ratios (BCR) were 2.24 and 1.78 for mechanical transplanting method and manual transplanting method, respectively. Kukje self-propelled rice transplanter should have break-even area coverage more than 10 ha/yr for economic transplanting. The above result showed that the mechanical transplanting method is more economic than the manual transplanting method. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v12i1.21406 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(1): 161-166, June 2014

Is Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) a feasible option for Sub-Saharan Africa?: Investigating the techno-economic feasibility of CSP in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 1224-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Aly ◽  
Ana Bernardos ◽  
Carlos M. Fernandez-Peruchena ◽  
Steen Solvang Jensen ◽  
Anders Branth Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Solar Power ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Concentrated Solar Power ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Advancement and practical applications of rhizobacterial biofertilizers for sustainable crop production in sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Aloo ◽  
E. R. Mbega ◽  
J. B. Tumuhairwe ◽  
B. A. Makumba
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Region ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Promising Technology ◽  
Sustainable Crop Production ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizers ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractAgricultural intensification continues in Africa in attempts to meet the rising food demands of the equally rising population. However, most arable lands in the region are characterized by nutrient deficiency and over-reliance on synthetic fertilizers which consequently contributes to increased production costs, environmental pollution, and global warming. Decades of research on plant–rhizobacterial interactions have led to the formulation and commercialization of rhizobacterial biofertilizers globally for sustainable soil and crop health. Nevertheless, this promising technology has not received much attention in Africa and remains largely unexplored due to several constraints. This article discusses the practical applications of rhizobacterial biofertilizers for sustainable crop production in sub-Saharan Africa. The challenges of soil infertility and the use of conventional synthetic fertilizers in crop production in Africa are critically evaluated. An overview of the potential of rhizobacteria as biofertilizers and alternatives to synthetic fertilizers for soil fertility and crop productivity in the continent is also provided. The advantages that these biofertilizers present over their synthetic counterparts and the status of their commercialization in the African region are also assessed. Finally, the constraints facing their formulation, commercialization, and utilization and the prospects of this promising technology in the region are deliberated upon. Such knowledge is valuable towards the full exploitation and adoption of this technology for sustainable agriculture for Africa’s food security.

scholarly journals The Potential of Ethanol Production from Sweet Sorghum in Sub-Saharan Africa as Affected by Variety and Sowing Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Maarouf I. Mohammed ◽  
Salma I. Abdalbagi
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cane Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Cane Juice ◽  
Juice Yield ◽  
Sub Saharan

Renewable bio-energy is receiving worldwide importance in view of depleting fossil energy. Research works on sorghum as bio-fuel crop in sub-Saharan Africa are meager. The study aimed to investigate the potential of sweet sorghum for ethanol production from stem-juice. The experiment was conducted in Sudan, Khartoum State, during 2016-2017. Forty local and exotic sweet sorghum varieties arranged in RCB Design were investigated under irrigated conditions across three sowing times. Yields of cane, juice, sugar, ethanol and related attributes were studied. Highly significant differences (P=.01) were detected among varieties and interaction with sowing time. Ethanol yield potentials for some varieties were comparable to those reported in India and USA (1162-1416 L ha-1). High brix values (20-22%) and cane yields (45-51 ha-1) were encountered. Juice yield was low (3673-13743 L ha-1) probably due to reduced milling efficiency. The exotic materials performed better than the local ones in theoretical ethanol productivity and related attributes other than cane yield. Eight exotic and five local varieties were recommended for ethanol production. None of the Ankolib materials appeared to have notable potential for ethanol production. Interaction of sowing time with variety has great impact on ethanol yield implying the importance of variety option for different sowing times. It was concluded that the study furnished basic data needed for assessing the economic feasibility of ethanol production from irrigated sweet sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa-Sudan.

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