The carbon to nitrogen ratio in isoenergetic wheat based diets controls the growth rate of the aquatic worm Lumbriculus variegatus

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-231
Author(s):  
B. Laarhoven ◽  
H.J.H. Elissen ◽  
C.J.N. Buisman ◽  
H. Temmink
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Lumbriculus Variegatus ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
By Products ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The aquatic worm Lumbriculus variegatus (Lv) contains high levels of proteins and can provide an excellent fish food. Large-scale production of Lv on low value organic substrates, such as by-products produced during wheat processing, therefore can be a promising and sustainable concept for the aquaculture industry. Growth and reproduction of Lv on different combinations of wheat based derivatives was studied at fixed isoenergetic levels (expressed by the chemical oxygen demand of the food), but at different carbon to nitrogen (C:N) mass ratios under controlled conditions in specifically designed test-beaker tests. Growth and reproduction rates were compared to those on Tetramin®, a substrate known to give excellent growth of Lv. Although Lv did exhibit a growth response on single as well as on mixed wheat fractions, growth was mainly controlled by the C:N ratio of the diets. Lower C:N ratios of typically 6-7 gave a much better performance than high C:N ratios of approximately 20. It was discussed this is probably caused by Lv relying on the presence of proteins for their carbon and energy source. Although growth and reproduction rates were not as high as on the control diet, the results are promising for the development of a worm biomass production system operating on by-products from the wheat processing industry.

scholarly journals Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Shumo ◽  
Fathiya Khamis ◽  
Chrysantus Tanga ◽  
Komi Fiaboe ◽  
Sevgan Subramanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Livestock Feed

In sub-Saharan Africa, urban populations are projected to increase by 115% in the coming 15 years. In addition, economic growth and dietary shifts towards animal source foods have put high pressure and demand on agricultural production. The high ecological footprint of meat and dairy production, as well as high feed costs, prevent the livestock sector from meeting the increasing demand in a sustainable manner. Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) have been identified as potential alternatives to the conventionally used protein sources in livestock feed due to their rich nutrient content and the fact that they can be reared on organic side streams. Substrates derived from organic byproducts are suitable for industrial large-scale production of insect meal. Although efficient in waste management and in feed production, BSF larvae are very sensitive to the external environment such as temperature and rearing medium. Therefore, we studied the effect of temperature and substrate type, i.e., brewers’ spent grain (SG) and cow dung (CD), on the development and survival of BSF larvae. Both organic substrates were readily available in Nairobi, Kenya, the location of the experiments. In our experiment, 100 3–5-day-old BSF larvae were placed into containers that contained either SG or CD and further treated at temperatures of 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C. The duration of larval development was recorded, and the prepupae were removed, weighed, and placed individually in separate, labeled, 35-mL plastic cups filled with moist sawdust. After emergence, 10 2-day-old adults (5 males and 5 females) from every replica per substrate were transferred into a cage (40 × 40 × 40 cm) and allowed to mate for 24 h at their respective temperatures. The laid egg batches were collected and counted, and the adult flies’ longevity was recorded. The data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model procedure. BSF larvae reared on SG developed faster than those reared on CD; the former also favored higher temperatures for their larval development and emergence into adults. The optimum range was 25–30 °C. With increasing temperatures, the longevity of adult BSF decreased, while the fecundity of females increased. Thus, it is possible to take advantage of the readily available SG waste streams in the urban environments of Kenya to produce BSF larvae-derived livestock feed within a short duration of time and at relatively high temperatures.

scholarly journals Heterologous overexpression of bacterial hemoglobin VHb improves erythritol biosynthesis by yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra M. Mirończuk ◽  
Katarzyna E. Kosiorowska ◽  
Anna Biegalska ◽  
Magdalena Rakicka-Pustułka ◽  
Mateusz Szczepańczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Bacterial Hemoglobin ◽  
Oxygen Conditions

Abstract Background Yarrowia lipolytica is an unconventional yeast with a huge industrial potential. Despite many advantages for biotechnological applications, it possesses enormous demand for oxygen, which is a bottleneck in large scale production. In this study a codon optimized bacterial hemoglobin from Vitreoscilla stercoraria (VHb) was overexpressed in Y. lipolytica for efficient growth and erythritol synthesis from glycerol in low-oxygen conditions. Erythritol is a natural sweetener produced by Y. lipolytica under high osmotic pressure and at low pH, and this process requires high oxygen demand. Results Under these conditions the VHb overexpressing strain showed mostly yeast-type cells resulting in 83% higher erythritol titer in shake-flask experiments. During a bioreactor study the engineered strain showed higher erythritol productivity (QERY = 0.38 g/l h) and yield (YERY = 0.37 g/g) in comparison to the control strain (QERY = 0.30 g/l h, YERY = 0.29 g/g). Moreover, low stirring during the fermentation process resulted in modest foam formation. Conclusions This study showed that overexpression of VHb in Y. lipolytica allows for dynamic growth and efficient production of a value-added product from a low-value substrate.

scholarly journals Integration of Algal Biofuels With Bioremediation Coupled Industrial Commodities Towards Cost-Effectiveness

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurpreet Kaur Nagi ◽  
Amritpreet Kaur Minhas ◽  
Suchitra Gaur ◽  
Priyanshu Jain ◽  
Shovon Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Algal Biofuel ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
By Products

Microalgae offer a great potential to contribute significantly as renewable fuels and documented as a promising platform for algae-based bio refineries. They provide solutions to mitigate the environmental concerns posed by conventional fuel sources; however, the production of microalgal biofuels in large scale production system encounters few technical challenges. High quantity of nutrients requirements and water cost constrain the scaling up microalgal biomass to large scale commercial production. Crop protection against biomass losses due to grazers or pathogens is another stumbling block in microalgal field cultivation. With our existing technologies, unless coupled with high-value or mid-value products, algal biofuel cannot reach the economic target. Many microalgal industries that started targeting biofuel in the last decade had now adopted parallel business plans focusing on algae by-products application as cosmetic supplements, nutraceuticals, oils, natural color, and animal feed. This review provides the current status and proposes a framework for key supply demand, challenges for cost-effective and sustainable use of water and nutrient. Emphasis is placed on the future industrial market status of value added by products of microalgal biomass. The cost factor for biorefinery process development needs to be addressed before its potential to be exploited for various value-added products with algal biofuel.

scholarly journals An Exploratory Examination on Small Scale Sugarcane Harvesting Machine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 5265-5268
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
By Products

The work in this paper is focused , about the sugarcane harvesting machine, as India is considered as one of the higher consumers and producers of sugarcane and its by products and to due to huge population, there is a high demand of sugarcane and to meet the demand of population, large scale production has to be adopted, hence for farming and harvesting the sugarcane an automated, low cost harvester is necessary for the farmers to reduce the efforts of sugarcane harvesting and to increase the rate of sugar cane cutting. This machine will be helpful for the farmers having both small and big farms, the work on this paper was carried to identify the major options along with the opportunities and major chances for future enhancement in the field of agriculture industries.

scholarly journals Polyhyrdoxybutyrate production by Bacillus marcorestinctum using a Cheaper substrate and its electrospinned blends with polymer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swetha Narayankumar ◽  
Neethu K. Shaji ◽  
Veena gayathri Krishnaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Dry Cell Weight ◽  
Alternative Carbon Source

ABSTRACTPoly(hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) and other biodegradable polyesters are promising candidates for the development of environment-friendly and completely biodegradable plastics. One of the major drawbacks in the production of PHB is production costs, since it requires large amount of carbon source. This calls for cheaper substrates that can be used as an alternative carbon source such as agro-industrial residues. In this study, cane molasses was used as an additional carbon source at 2% concentration along with glucose for large scale production of PHB. Ammonium nitrate was used as the nitrogen source and the C:N ratio was maintained at 1:15. The maximum production of PHB was obtained at 24hours of growth which was found to be 0.5g/L and had a dry cell weight of 3.7g/ L.The PHB produced was further analysed by GC-MS Analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).The obtained PHB from scale-up studies were further electrospinned using different blends of polymers.

scholarly journals Production of the Polyhydroxyalkanoate PHBV from Ricotta Cheese Exhausted Whey by Haloferax mediterranei Fermentation

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Raho ◽  
Vito Emanuele Carofiglio ◽  
Marco Montemurro ◽  
Valerio Miceli ◽  
Domenico Centrone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
New Production ◽  
Haloferax Mediterranei ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Biotechnological Approach ◽  
By Products

In the last decade, the dairy industry underwent a rapid expansion due to the increasing demand of milk-based products, resulting in high quantity of wastewater, i.e., whey and ricotta cheese exhausted whey (RCEW). Although containing high content of nutritional compounds, dairy by-products are still disposed as waste rather being reintroduced in a new production chain, hence leading to environmental and economic issues. This study proposes a new biotechnological approach based on the combination of membrane filtration and fermentation to produce poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA), biodegradable bioplastics candidate as an alternative to petroleum-derived plastics. The protocol, exploiting the metabolic capability Haloferax mediterranei to synthesize PHA from RCEW carbon sources, was set up under laboratory and pilot scale conditions. A multi-step fractionation was used to recover a RCEW fraction containing 12.6% (w/v) of lactose, then subjected to an enzymatic treatment aimed at releasing glucose and galactose. Fermentation conditions (culture medium for the microorganism propagation, inoculum size, time, and temperature of incubation) were selected according to the maximization of polymer synthesis, under in-flasks experiments. The PHA production was then tested using a bioreactor system, under stable and monitored pH, temperature, and stirring conditions. The amount of the polymer recovered corresponded to 1.18 g/L. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) as the polymer synthesized, with a relatively high presence of hydroxyvalerate (HV). Identity and purity of the polymer were confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy analyses. By combining the fractionation of RCEW, one of the most abundant by-products from the agri-food industry, and the use of the halophile Hfx mediterranei, the production of PHBV with high purity and low crystallinity has successfully been optimized. The process, tested up to pilot scale conditions, may be further implemented (e.g., through fed-batch systems) and used for large-scale production of bioplastics, reducing the economical and environmental issues related the RCEW disposal.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

I. S. A. Baud. Forms of Production and Women's Labour: Gender Aspects of Industrialisation in India and Mexico. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1992. 321 pp.Hardbound. Price: Indian Rs 295.00.

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
Naureen Talha
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
Small Production

The literature on female labour in Third World countries has become quite extensive. India, being comparatively more advanced industrially, and in view of its size and population, presents a pictures of multiplicity of problems which face the female labour market. However, the author has also included Mexico in this analytical study. It is interesting to see the characteristics of developing industrialisation in two different societies: the Indian society, which is conservative, and the Mexican society, which is progressive. In the first chapter of the book, the author explains that he is not concerned with the process of industrialisation and female labour employed at different levels of work, but that he is interested in forms of production and women's employment in large-scale production, petty commodity production, marginal small production, and self-employment in the informal sector. It is only by analysis of these forms that the picture of females having a lower status is understood in its social and political setting.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Promising Drug Delivery Technology

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-516
Author(s):  
S. Pragati ◽  
S. Kuldeep ◽  
S. Ashok ◽  
M. Satheesh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Solid Lipid

One of the situations in the treatment of disease is the delivery of efficacious medication of appropriate concentration to the site of action in a controlled and continual manner. Nanoparticle represents an important particulate carrier system, developed accordingly. Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm and composed of macromolecular material. Nanoparticles could be polymeric or lipidic (SLNs). Industry estimates suggest that approximately 40% of lipophilic drug candidates fail due to solubility and formulation stability issues, prompting significant research activity in advanced lipophile delivery technologies. Solid lipid nanoparticle technology represents a promising new approach to lipophile drug delivery. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are important advancement in this area. The bioacceptable and biodegradable nature of SLNs makes them less toxic as compared to polymeric nanoparticles. Supplemented with small size which prolongs the circulation time in blood, feasible scale up for large scale production and absence of burst effect makes them interesting candidates for study. In this present review this new approach is discussed in terms of their preparation, advantages, characterization and special features.

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