scholarly journals Exploring the chemical safety of fly larvae as a source of protein for animal feed

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Charlton ◽  
M. Dickinson ◽  
M.E. Wakefield ◽  
E. Fitches ◽  
M. Kenis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
House Fly ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Fly Larvae

There is an urgent need to increase the supply of sustainable protein for use in animal feed and the use of insect protein provides a potential alternative to protein crops and fishmeal. For example, fly larvae are highly compatible with use in animal feed containing much digestible protein with levels of key amino acids that are comparable with those found in high value alternatives such as soybean. However, the safety of protein from insects and subsequently the meat and fish from animals fed on such a diet requires further assessment. Here we present safety data from the larvae of the four fly species that have perhaps the greatest economic relevance in relation to their use as animal feed being: house fly (Musca domestica), blue bottle (Calliphora vomitoria), blow fly (Chrysomya spp.) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Diverse rearing methods were used to produce larvae fed on a range of waste substrates and in four geographically dispersed locations being; UK, China, Mali and Ghana. Chemical safety data were collected by a fully accredited laboratory in the UK. The levels of the main subclasses of chemical contaminants considered for animal feed were determined, being; veterinary medicines, pesticides, heavy metals, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and mycotoxins. The larvae analysed generally possessed levels of chemical contaminants which were below recommended maximum concentrations suggested by bodies such as the European Commission, the World Health Organisation and Codex. However, the toxic heavy metal cadmium was found to be of concern in three of the M. domestica samples analysed.

Production of house fly larvae for animal feed through natural oviposition

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Koné ◽  
M. Sylla ◽  
S. Nacambo ◽  
M. Kenis
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sheep Manure ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
The Right

Larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica L., are a suitable protein source for incorporation into animal feed. In Sub-Saharan Africa, one of the methods to produce house fly larvae is to expose a substrate to attract naturally-occurring adult flies for oviposition. A production system, described herein, was set up in Mali and the potential of the method was assessed by studying the influence of various parameters on yields. Of four substrate mixtures tested, three, i.e. chicken manure alone, sheep manure and coagulated blood, and chicken manure and coagulated blood provided average yields of 124-144 g of fresh larvae per kg of dry substrate, just three days after the exposure of the substrate to adult flies. However, high variations were observed between and within seasons. In the rainy season, a maximum of 427 g per kg of dry substrate were obtained but, in the dry hot season, yields were much lower. Up to 10 kg of dry substrate can be exposed per m2. Increasing the quantity and proportion of coagulated blood in sheep manure also increases yield, but chicken manure alone is probably the easiest substrate, provided the manure is of high quality and contains the right amount of cellulose. A major limiting factor for the scaling up of this system is the need for a large ground surface to reach an industrial production. Tests have been made with trays placed on shelves and yields decreased rapidly with increasing heights to 67 and 39% at 40 and 114 cm from the ground, respectively. Recommendations for the setting up and optimisation of a house fly larvae production system in West Africa are suggested.

Potentials of animal, crop and agri-food wastes for the production of fly larvae

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ganda ◽  
E.T. Zannou-Boukari ◽  
M. Kenis ◽  
C.A.A.M. Chrysostome ◽  
G.A. Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Food Wastes ◽  
Maize Bran ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Republic Of Benin

Fly larvae, in particular those of house fly (Musca domestica) and black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), are increasingly considered for animal feed worldwide. A simple way to produce fly larvae is to expose suitable substrates to attract adult flies that will lay eggs in the substrates from where larvae will be subsequently extracted. This study aims to evaluate the potential of animal manures and agri-food wastes for maggot production and to identify the fly species developing in the substrates. Experiments were conducted in the Republic of Benin. Twenty-six substrates were left uncovered for 10 hours and maggots were harvested after four days. Fresh substrates were then added to residual substrates and left uncovered for another 10 hours for another production cycle. In total, three production cycles were monitored. In the first cycle, nearly 100% of the flies were house flies but black soldier flies appeared in the following cycles. The result showed that crop and agri-food substrates produced more larvae than manures. The highest yield at the first production cycle was obtained with the mixture of soybean bran and maize grain pericarp. Maize bran, pig manure and chicken manure also showed potential for maggot production. Other substrates such as cow and sheep/goat manure produced nearly no maggot when used alone but the amount of larvae substantially increased when attractants such as chicken offal were added, or when mixed with pig and chicken manure. Production decreased with the production cycles for the majority of substrates, except for mixtures based on spent grain and pineapple grain, which produced a large amount of larva at the second harvest. The activity of maggots led to temperature elevation and reduction of substrate biomass. This study showed that several substrates, in particular soybean bran, maize bran, pig manure and chicken manure show potential for maggot production.

A Collaborative Study to Establish the Second International Standard for Streptokinase

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (02) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Heath ◽  
P J Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
International Collaborative Study

SummaryAn International Standard for Streptokinase - Streptodomase (62/7) has been used to calibrate high purity clinical batches of SK since 1965. An international collaborative study, involving six laboratories, was undertaken to replace this standard with a high purity standard for SK. Two candidate preparations (88/826 and 88/824) were compared by a clot lysis assay with the current standard (62/7). Potencies of 671 i.u. and 461 i.u. were established for preparations A (88/826) and B (88/824), respectively.Either preparation appeared suitable to serve as a standard for SK. However, each ampoule of preparation A (88/826) contains a more appropriate amount of SK activity for potency testing, and is therefore preferred. Accelerated degradation tests indicate that preparation A (88/826) is very stable.The high purity streptokinase preparation, coded 88/826, has been established by the World Health Organisation as the 2nd International Standard for Streptokinase, with an assigned potency of 700 i.u. per ampoule.

A Collaborative Study to Establish an International Standard for Alpha-Thrombin

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (04) ◽  
pp. 424-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Gaffney ◽  
A B Heath ◽  
J W Fenton II
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Thrombin Inhibitors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
And Control

SummarySince 1975 an International Standard for Thrombin of low purity has been used. While this standard was stable and of value for calibrating thrombins of unknown potency the need for a pure a-thrombin standard arose both for accurate calibration and for precise measurement of thrombin inhibitors, notably hirudin. An international collaborative study was undertaken to establish the potency and stability of an ampouled pure a-thrombin preparation. A potency of 97.5 international units (95% confidence limits 86.5-98.5) was established for the new a-thrombin standard (89/ 588) using a clotting-assay procedure. Stability data at various elevated temperatures indicated that the standard could be transported and stored with no significant loss of potency.Ampoules of lyophilised a-thrombin (coded 89/588) have been recommended as an International Standard for a-thrombin with an assigned potency of 100 international units per ampoule by the International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Thrombin and its Inhibitors Sub-Committee) in Barcelona, Spain in July 1990 while the Expert Committee on Biological Standardisation and Control of the World Health Organisation will consider its status at its next meeting in Geneva in 1991.

ANTARA SUNNAH DAN TRADISI (Khitan Muallaf Perempuan Baligh di Jayapura, Papua)

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284
Author(s):  
Hendra Yulia Rahman
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health

Masyarakat Indonesia pada umumnya khususnya yang bergama Islam, memiliki kebiasaan mengkhitankan anak perempuannya dan memandang ini sebagai sunnah, hal ini juga dilakukan masyarakat di negara-negara lain yang memiliki penduduk pemeluk agama Islam. Pada umumnya masyarakat megkhitankan anak perempuannya, ketika masih bayi dan meyakininya sebagai bentuk kewajiban dari perintah agama. Badan kesehatan dunia World Health Organisation (WHO) melakukan pelarangan segala bentuk khitan pada perempuan, karena dianggap sebagai bentuk kekerasan pada perempuan dengan menyakiti dan merusak alat reproduksi perempuan. Khitan perempuan dianggap sebagai tradisi yang sudah lama ada tengah-tengah masyarakat baik yang muslim maupun yang non muslim, yang dalam pelaksanaannya lebih dimaksudkan sebagai upaya pengontrolan seksualitas perempuan. Muallaf perempuan baligh khususnya di wilayah kota Jayapura, Papua rata-rata melakukan khitan, yang menurut mereka merupakan bagian dari perintah agama. Bahwasanya khitan muallaf perempuan baligh di kota Jayapaura merupakan sebuah tradisi yang terus berlangsung, dan tradisi tersebut sejalan dengan sunnah.

Comparative docking of SARS-CoV-2 receptors antagonists from repurposing drugs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micael Davi Lima de Oliveira ◽  
Kelson Mota Teixeira de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
High Modulation ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Receptors ◽  
Theoretical Results

According to the World Health Organisation, until 16 June, 2020, the number of confirmed and notified cases of COVID-19 has already exceeded 7.9 million with approximately 434 thousand deaths worldwide. This research aimed to find repurposing antagonists, that may inhibit the activity of the main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as partially modulate the ACE2 receptors largely found in lung cells, and reduce viral replication by inhibiting Nsp12 RNA polymerase. Docking molecular simulations were performed among a total of 60 structures, most of all, published in the literature against the novel coronavirus. The theoretical results indicated that, in comparative terms, paritaprevir, ivermectin, ledipasvir, and simeprevir, are among the most theoretical promising drugs in remission of symptoms from the disease. Furthermore, also corroborate indinavir to the high modulation in viral receptors. The second group of promising drugs includes remdesivir and azithromycin. The repurposing drugs HCQ and chloroquine were not effective in comparative terms to other drugs, as monotherapies, against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Osseointegrated Implants: A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Matheus Marquez Cruvinel Santos ◽  
◽  
Flávio Barros da Silva ◽  
Idiberto José Zotarelli-Filho ◽  
Elias Naim Kassis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Osseointegrated Implants ◽  
Bone Mineral Density Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Women

The most common bone disorder found by implant dentists is osteoporosis, which is a systemic skeletal disorder associated with aging, which is characterized by loss of bone mass, making bones fragile and more susceptible to fractures. The World Health Organisation has defined osteoporosis as a bone mineral density level greater than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean of young normal women. After 60 years of age, a third of the population have this disorder, it occurs twice as often in women than in men. It is estimated that 1.3 million fractures and 133,000 all hip fractures occur every year as a result of osteoporosis. This study aimed to discuss aspects of the pharmacological action of Bisphosphonates (BP) and their influence on the bone tissue when associated with treatment with dental implants. There are several types of treatments that prevent or prevent the progression of osteoporosis. So, BP, such as alendronate, are inhibitors of bone resorption. Act as controlling the development of osteoporosis by increasing the process of bone density and decrease its reabsorption, often acting as supporting the process of osseointegration of dental implants.

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