Assessment of high-intensity over-ground conditioning and simulated racing on aerobic and anaerobic capacities in racehorses

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-207
Author(s):  
S. Bond ◽  
P. Greco-Otto ◽  
R. Sides ◽  
R. Léguillette ◽  
W.M. Bayly
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Randomised Study ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Oxygen Requirements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

A prospective, randomised study assessed the impact of high-intensity racetrack conditioning on aerobic and anaerobic capacities in seasoned Thoroughbred racehorses. The effect of 10 weeks race conditioning and two simulated races on V̇O2max and maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) were evaluated. An incremental treadmill test to determine V̇O2max, followed by three supramaximal runs to fatigue (at speeds (V105%, V115%, V125%) corresponding to oxygen requirements 105%, 115% and 125% of V̇O2max, in randomised order) were performed at each timepoint (T1 [pre-conditioning] and T2 [post-conditioning]). Prior to T1, racehorses were briefly de-trained for four-six weeks and given low-level treadmill conditioning to prepare them for the more strenuous race conditioning after T1. Paired variables between T1 and T2 were analysed using a paired t-test. A 2-way RM ANOVA compared variables with >1 measurement. Speed at V̇O2max (P=0.04) and V̇O2max (P=0.01) increased with conditioning. Calculated speeds for the supramaximal runs increased for V105% (P=0.02) and V115% (P=0.03) but not for V125% (P=0.08). There was no conditioning effect on time to fatigue (P=0.34), although it was different between all intensities (2.8, 2.2 and 1.4 mins at V105%, V115% and V125% respectively at T2). O2 demand increased with conditioning (P=0.02) for each supramaximal intensity. On average, horses’ aerobic capacity improved 4.43% after conditioning. MAOD was unchanged with conditioning (P=0.25) and unaffected by exercise intensity. Fit racehorses that have undergone repeated intensive training programs, experience smaller, incremental improvement than completely unfit horses. The anaerobic capacity of previously trained racehorses is relatively stable, despite brief periods of de-training.

Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit in thoroughbred horses

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1564-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Eaton ◽  
D. L. Evans ◽  
D. R. Hodgson ◽  
R. J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Open Flow ◽  
Thoroughbred Horses ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
O2 Deficit

Thoroughbred horses have a high aerobic capacity, approximately twice that of elite human athletes. Whereas the aerobic capacity of horses can be accurately measured, there have been no measurements of anaerobic capacity. The aim of this study was to determine whether maximal accumulated O2 deficit (MAOD) could be measured in horses and used as an estimate of anaerobic capacity, as in human athletes. Six fit Thoroughbred horses were used with the exercise protocol utilizing a treadmill set at a 10% incline. O2 uptake VO2 was measured via an open-flow system for seven submaximal speeds (3–9 m/s), and maximal VO2 (135 +/- 3 ml.kg-1.min-1) was determined. The horses performed three tests at 105 and 125% and six tests at 115% of maximal VO2. The MAOD test was performed with the treadmill accelerated rapidly from 1.5 m/s (mean acceleration time 8 s) to the calculated speed (11–14 m/s). VO2 was measured every 10 or 15 s, and the test ended when the horse no longer kept pace with the treadmill. The mean run times were 165, 98, and 57 s for intensities of 105, 115, and 125% maximal VO2. The mean MAOD values were 31 +/- 2, 30 +/- 1, and 32 +/- 2 (SE) ml O2 eq/kg for the three intensities (P > 0.05). The proportion of energy derived from aerobic and anaerobic sources was calculated from the difference between calculated O2 demand and the VO2 curve. There was no correlation between MAOD and maximal VO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Acute administration of high doses of taurine does not substantially improve high-intensity running performance and the effect on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit is unclear

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Milioni ◽  
Elvis de Souza Malta ◽  
Leandro George Spinola do Amaral Rocha ◽  
Camila Angélica Asahi Mesquita ◽  
Ellen Cristini de Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute administration of taurine overload on time to exhaustion (TTE) of high-intensity running performance and alternative maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAODALT). The study design was a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Seventeen healthy male volunteers (age: 25 ± 6 years; maximal oxygen uptake: 50.5 ± 7.6 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed an incremental treadmill-running test until voluntary exhaustion to determine maximal oxygen uptake and exercise intensity at maximal oxygen uptake. Subsequently, participants completed randomly 2 bouts of supramaximal treadmill-running at 110% exercise intensity at maximal oxygen uptake until exhaustion (placebo (6 g dextrose) or taurine (6 g) supplementation), separated by 1 week. MAODALT was determined using a single supramaximal effort by summating the contribution of the phosphagen and glycolytic pathways. When comparing the results of the supramaximal trials (i.e., placebo and taurine conditions) no differences were observed for high-intensity running TTE (237.70 ± 66.00 and 277.30 ± 40.64 s; p = 0.44) and MAODALT (55.77 ± 8.22 and 55.06 ± 7.89 mL·kg−1; p = 0.61), which seem to indicate trivial and unclear differences using the magnitude-based inferences approach, respectively. In conclusion, acute 6 g taurine supplementation before exercise did not substantially improve high-intensity running performance and showed an unclear effect on MAODALT.

scholarly journals Effects of Heart Rate vs. Speed-Based High Intensity Interval Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity of Female Soccer Players

Sports ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Arazi ◽  
Abbas Keihaniyan ◽  
Amin EatemadyBoroujeni ◽  
Amir Oftade ◽  
Sheida Takhsha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

scholarly journals Assessment of two methods to determine the relative contributions of the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems in racehorses

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1390-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie L. Bond ◽  
Persephone Greco-Otto ◽  
Raymond Sides ◽  
Grace P. S. Kwong ◽  
Renaud Léguillette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Supramaximal Exercise ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽  
Anaerobic Energy ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

A prospective, randomized, controlled study was designed to determine relative aerobic and anaerobic (lactic and alactic) contributions at supramaximal exercise intensities using two different methods. Thoroughbred racehorses ( n = 5) performed a maximal rate of oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) test and three supramaximal treadmill runs (105, 115, and 125% V̇o2max). Blood lactate concentration (BL) was measured at rest, every 15 s during runs, and 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min postexercise. In method 1, oxygen demand was calculated for each supramaximal intensity based on the V̇o2max test, and relative aerobic and anaerobic contributions were calculated from measured V̇o2 and the accumulated oxygen deficit. In method 2, aerobic contribution was calculated using the trapezoidal method to determine V̇o2 during exercise. A monoexponential model was fitted to the postexercise V̇o2 curve. Alactic contribution was calculated using the coefficients of this model. Lactate anaerobic contribution was calculated by multiplying the peak to resting change in BL by 3. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects of exercise intensity and method (as fixed effects) on measured outcomes ( P ≤ 0.05). Relative aerobic and anaerobic contributions were not different between methods ( P = 0.20). Horses’ mean contributions were 81.4, 77.6, and 72.5% (aerobic), and 18.5, 22.3, and 27.4% (anaerobic) at 105, 115, and 125% V̇o2max, respectively. Individual alactic anaerobic energy was not different between supramaximal exercise intensities ( P = 0.43) and was negligible, contributing a mean of 0.11% of the total energy. Relative energy contributions can be calculated using measured V̇o2 and BL in situations where the exercise intensity is unknown. Understanding relative metabolic demands could help develop tailored training programs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Relative energy contributions of horses can be calculated using measured V̇o2 and BL in situations where the exercise intensity is unknown. Horses’ mean contributions were 81.4, 77.6, and 72.5% (aerobic), and 18.5, 22.3, and 27.4% (anaerobic) at 105, 115, and 125% of V̇o2max, respectively. Individual alactic capacity was unaltered between supramaximal exercise intensities and accounted for a mean contribution of 0.11% of energy use.

Anaerobic Capacity: A Maximal Anaerobic Running Test Versus the Maximal Accumulated Oxygen Deficit

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil S. Maxwell ◽  
Myra A. Nimmo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Exercise Treadmill

The present investigation evaluates a maximal anaerobic running test (MART) against the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) for the determination of anaerobic capacity. Essentially, this involved comparing 18 male students performing two randomly assigned supramaximal runs to exhaustion on separate days. Post warm-up and 1, 3, and 6 min postexercise capillary blood samples were taken during both tests for plasma blood lactate (BLa) determination. In the MART only, blood ammonia (BNH3) concentration was measured, while capillary blood samples were additionally taken after every second sprint for BLa determination. Anaerobic capacity, measured as oxygen equivalents in the MART protocol, averaged 112.2 ± 5.2 ml∙kg−1∙min−1. Oxygen deficit, representing the anaerobic capacity in the MAOD test, was an average of 74.6 ± 7.3 ml∙kg−1. There was a significant correlation between the MART and MAOD (r =.83, p <.001). BLa values obtained over time in the two tests showed no significant difference, nor was there any difference in the peak BLa recorded. Peak BNH3 concentration recorded was significantly increased from resting levels at exhaustion during the MART. Key words: supramaximal intermittent exercise, treadmill running performance, blood lactate, ammonia

Caffeine Improved Time to Exhaustion But Did Not Change Alternative Maximal Accumulated Oxygen Deficit Estimated During a Single Supramaximal Running Bout

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo De Araujo Bonetti De Poli ◽  
Willian Eiji Miyagi ◽  
Fabio Yuzo Nakamura ◽  
Alessandro Moura Zagatto
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Caffeine Ingestion ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of acute caffeine supplementation on anaerobic capacity determined by the alternative maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAODALT) in running effort. Eighteen recreational male runners [29 ± 7years; total body mass 72.1 ± 5.8 kg; height 176.0 ± 5.4cm; maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) 55.8 ± 4.2 ml·kg-1 ·min-1] underwent a graded exercise test. Caffeine (6 mg·kg-1) or a placebo were administered 1 hr before the supramaximal effort at 115% of the intensity associated with VO2max in a double-blind, randomized cross-over study, for MAODALT assessment. The time to exhaustion under caffeine condition (130.2 ± 24.5s) was 11.3% higher (p = .01) than placebo condition (118.8 ± 24.9 s) and the qualitative inference for substantial changes showed a very likely positive effect (93%). The net participation of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway was significantly higher in the caffeine condition (p = .02) and showed a likely positive effect (90%) of 15.3% with caffeine supplementation. The time constant of abrupt decay of excess postexercise oxygen consumption (τ1) was significantly different between caffeine and placebo conditions (p = .03) and showed a likely negative effect (90%), decreasing -8.0% with caffeine supplementation. The oxygen equivalents estimated from the glycolytic and phosphagen metabolic pathways showed a possibly positive effect (68%) and possibly negative effect (78%) in the qualitative inference with caffeine ingestion, respectively. However, the MAODALT did not differ under the caffeine or placebo conditions (p = .68). Therefore, we can conclude that acute caffeine ingestion does not modify the MAODALT, reinforcing the robustness of this method. However, caffeine ingestion can alter the glycolytic and phosphagen metabolic pathway contributions to MAODALT.

Accumulated oxygen deficit measurements during and after high-intensity exercise in trained male and female adolescents

1997 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Naughton ◽  
J. S. Carlson ◽  
D. C. Buttifant ◽  
S. E. Selig ◽  
K. Meldrum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit

Assessment of Child-Specific Aerobic Fitness and Anaerobic Capacity by the Use of the Power-Time Relationships Constants

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwan Leclair ◽  
Benoit Borel ◽  
Delphine Thevenet ◽  
Georges Baquet ◽  
Patrick Mucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Power ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Anaerobic Work Capacity ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Anaerobic Work

This study first aimed to compare critical power (CP) and anaerobic work capacity (AWC), to laboratory standard evaluation methods such as maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD). Secondly, this study compared child and adult CP and AWC values. Subjects performed a maximal graded test to determine V̇O2max and maximal aerobic power (MAP); and four constant load exercises. In children, CP (W.kg−1) was related to V̇O2max (ml.kg−1.min−1; r = .68; p = .004). AWC (J.kg−1) in children was related to MAOD (r = .58; p = .018). Children presented lower AWC (J.kg−1; p = .001) than adults, but similar CP (%MAP) values. CP (%MAP and W.kg−1) and AWC (J.kg−1) were significantly related to laboratory standard evaluation methods but low correlation indicated that they cannot be used interchangeably. CP (%MAP) was similar in children and adults, but AWC (J.kg−1) was significantly lower in children. These conclusions support existing knowledge related to child-adults characteristics.

Maximal Accumulated Oxygen Deficit of Resistance-Trained Men

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis X. Pizza ◽  
Thomas A. Naglieri ◽  
Robert W. Holtz ◽  
Joel B. Mitchell ◽  
Raymond D. Starling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
Accumulated Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
The Relationship

The primary purpose of the study was to compare maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) in resistance-trained (RT), endurance-trained (ET), and untrained men (UT). A secondary purpose was to determine the influence of leg muscle mass (MM) on MAOD by examining the relationship between MM and MAOD and by comparing MAOD expressed relative to MM between the groups. MAOD was determined during 2-4 min of constant-load fatiguing cycling. MM, estimated via anthropometric measurements, was higher (p <.05) for RT (mean ± SE; 25.5 ± 3.4 kg) compared to ET (20.3 ± 3.5) and UT (21.6 ± 3.4). MAOD in liters O2 eq was larger in RT (4.75 ± 0.3) compared to UT (3.07 ± 0.3) and ET (3.75 ± 0.3). A significant positive correlation was observed between MAOD (LO2 eq) and MM (kg) for RT only (RT, r =.85; ET, r =.55; UT, r =.20). Based on the correlational and mean MM data, the higher MAOD (LO2 eq) in RT relative to ET and UT is predominantly the result of their larger leg muscle mass. Key words: exercise, anaerobic capacity, muscle mass

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