Effect of water depth on muscle activity of dogs when walking on a water treadmill

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
S. Parkinson ◽  
A.P. Wills ◽  
G. Tabor ◽  
J.M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Lateral Malleolus ◽  
Greater Trochanter ◽  
Lateral Epicondyle ◽  
The Right ◽  
Water Treadmill ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Water Depths

Evidence-informed practice is currently lacking in canine hydrotherapy. This study aimed to investigate if the estimated workload of the gluteus medius (GM) and longissimus dorsi (LD) increased in dogs at different water depths when walking on a water treadmill. Seven dogs were walked for 2 min continuously on a water treadmill at depths of no submersion (depth 1), mid-tarsal (depth 2), between lateral malleolus and lateral epicondyle (depth 3) and between the lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter (depth 4). Continuous electromyographic data from the right and left sides of GM and LD were collected simultaneously during exercise. Friedman’s analyses with post-hoc Wilcoxon tests established if significant differences in GM and LD muscle activity occurred between the water depths for mean estimated-workload. Significant differences occurred in estimated-workload in GM and LD between water depths (P<0.05). Mean estimated-workload decreased in the right and left GM between depths 2 (mid-tarsal) and 3 (between lateral malleolus and epicondyle) (P<0.007) and depths 2 and 4 (between lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter) (P<0.001), a pattern which was repeated for left and right LD (P<0.007). Right GM mean estimated-workload increased between depth 1 (no submersion) and depth 2 only (P<0.013). Water depth influences GM and LD activity in dogs walking on a water treadmill. Increasing knowledge of canine locomotion in water treadmills could be used to inform individualised rehabilitation regimes for dogs undertaking hydrotherapy.

Effect of water depth on limb kinematics of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) during underwater treadmill exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Barnicoat ◽  
A.P. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Lateral Malleolus ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Duty Factor ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Lateral Epicondyle ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stride Parameters

Canine hydrotherapy is an increasingly popular modality for the rehabilitation of dogs; however, little evidence exists to support the use of current hydrotherapy protocols. Before data can be meaningfully collected from pathological animals, biomechanical data for healthy animals is required. Kinematic analysis was utilised to observe the effect of increasing water depth on the stride parameters (including duty factor) of dogs exercising on a canine hydrotherapy treadmill. During two sessions, eight clinically sound adult dogs walked on the underwater treadmill at four different water depths (dry, mid-tarsal, between the lateral malleolus and the lateral epicondyle, and between the lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter). Reflective kinematic markers were placed onto anatomical limb landmarks and a video camera was used to record foot contacts at 60 Hz. Data were digitised using video analysis software and stride length, stride frequency and duty factor were subsequently calculated. Data were analysed using the Friedman Test and Wilcoxon post hoc pairwise tests to identify differences between conditions. There was a significant effect of water depth on duty factor (P<0.0005). Hind limb duty factor differed significantly from fore limb duty factor (P<0.0005), except at the depth between the lateral malleolus and the lateral epicondyle where no significant difference was observed. There was a significant effect of water depth on both stride frequency (P<0.0005) and stride length (P<0.0005). In summary, water depth has a significant impact on the stride parameters of dogs exercising on the canine hydrotherapy treadmill and as such is an important consideration when designing underwater treadmill based rehabilitation programs.

THE EVOLUTION DEVELOPMENTS OF OFFSHORE PIPELAYING AND CURRENT

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
R. A. Quick
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Pipe Diameter ◽  
Depth Limit ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
Successful Search ◽  
S Curve ◽  
The Right ◽  
Water Depths

In 1952, the installation of the first 8 miles of 8-inch pipeline in shallow water from Grand Isle near New Orleans, using a pipelaying barge similar in many respects to that used to lay existing pipelines in Bass Strait, marked the beginning of a new era in offshore pipelaying.Prior to 1952, "offshore pipelaying" consisted of river crossings and swamp work, and for this work land spread equipment was simply transplanted onto floating structures or barges.As the successful search for oil progressed into deeper waters, it became apparent that the old onshore pipelaying techniques could no longer be applied offshore. Such terms as tension-shoe, stinger, weight-coat and riser formed the new jargon and diving equipment and techniques associated with pipelining were also seen to undergo major revision and development.Surprisingly, the old river-crossing technique for water depths less than 100 feet, using controllable buoyancy tanks, is still used for installations in water-depths too deep for the more conventional pipelaying barge with tension shoe and stinger.One of the deepest permanent installations by this updated "old" method is a 9⅝" diameter pipeline reaching depths in excess of 1,000 feet whereas the current depth limit for lay-barge installation is about 600 feet. It is worth noting that experiments carried out in the early 1960's demonstrated the laying and recovery of two miles of pipe from a depth of 8,500 feet, using this method, known as "the S-Curve method".More recently, a patent has been registered for a vertical pipelaying method for depths of 1,000 feet or more, using a lay-barge rigged with pipelaying "towers", for making additions to the pipe string whilst it is held at the surface in a vertical position.The assembled pipeline will describe a single shallow curve from vertical at the surface, to horizontal on the sea-bed, thus eliminating the characteristic S-curve of a stinger-launched pipeline.Another interesting development has been the appearance of a pipelaying reel-barge capable of a laying rate in excess of 8,000 feet per hour, and capable of laying up to 12-inch diameter pipelines. The pipeline is welded and radiographed onshore, and spooled onto a giant reel. The barge is then towed along the right-of-way as the pipe unwinds from the reel. The reel also doubles as a huge pipe-tensioning device, with the result that pipelaying in water depths of 1,000 feet for 8-iuch diameter and 500 feet for 12-inch diameter pipelines is possible.The dominant external influences on any known pipelaying method are water depth, pipe diameter, weather conditions and sea-currents.The product of water depth and pipe diameter determines the weight of pipe-string to be supported by the floating equipment, and when variables of wind, waves, swell and current are added to this otherwise static load, the resultant combination provides the basis for selection or design of the floating construction equipment to be used on any given job. Without looking too far into the future, it would seem reasonable to envisage the conventional pipelaying barge being replaced by a sea-bed based pipelaying habitat, crawler mounted, simultaneously laying pipe and cutting trench; the weight of pipe-string would be reduced to only a few percent of that associated with a floating pipelayer, and the influence of surface weather conditions completely eliminated.

scholarly journals A neuromechanical strategy for mediolateral foot placement in walking humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford L. Rankin ◽  
Stephanie K. Buffo ◽  
Jesse C. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Mechanical State ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
The Right ◽  
Clinical Populations

Stability is an important concern during human walking and can limit mobility in clinical populations. Mediolateral stability can be efficiently controlled through appropriate foot placement, although the underlying neuromechanical strategy is unclear. We hypothesized that humans control mediolateral foot placement through swing leg muscle activity, basing this control on the mechanical state of the contralateral stance leg. Participants walked under Unperturbed and Perturbed conditions, in which foot placement was intermittently perturbed by moving the right leg medially or laterally during the swing phase (by ∼50–100 mm). We quantified mediolateral foot placement, electromyographic activity of frontal-plane hip muscles, and stance leg mechanical state. During Unperturbed walking, greater swing-phase gluteus medius (GM) activity was associated with more lateral foot placement. Increases in GM activity were most strongly predicted by increased mediolateral displacement between the center of mass (CoM) and the contralateral stance foot. The Perturbed walking results indicated a causal relationship between stance leg mechanics and swing-phase GM activity. Perturbations that reduced the mediolateral CoM displacement from the stance foot caused reductions in swing-phase GM activity and more medial foot placement. Conversely, increases in mediolateral CoM displacement caused increased swing-phase GM activity and more lateral foot placement. Under both Unperturbed and Perturbed conditions, humans controlled their mediolateral foot placement by modulating swing-phase muscle activity in response to the mechanical state of the contralateral leg. This strategy may be disrupted in clinical populations with a reduced ability to modulate muscle activity or sense their body's mechanical state.

scholarly journals Digit Variability in Carotenoid Scores Obtained with the Veggie Meter: A Pilot Study (P02-001-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Velarie Ansu ◽  
Stephanie Dickinson ◽  
Alyce Fly
Keyword(s):  
Indiana University ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Period Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Abstract Objectives To determine which digit and hand have the highest and lowest skin carotenoid scores, to compare inter-and-intra-hand variability of digits, and to determine if results are consistent with another subject. Methods Two subjects’ first(F1), second(F2), third(F3) and fifth(F5) digits on both hands were measured for skin carotenoids with a Veggie Meter, for 3 times on each of 18 days over a 37-day period. Data were subjected to ANOVA in a factorial treatment design to determine main effects for hand (2 levels), digits (4), and days (18) along with interactions. Differences between digits were determined by Tukey's post hoc test. Results There were significant hand x digit, hand x day, digit x day, and hand x digit x day interactions and significant simple main effects for hand, digit, and day (all P < 0.001). Mean square errors were 143.67 and 195.62 for subject A and B, respectively, which were smaller than mean squares for all main effects and interactions. The mean scores ± SD for F1, F2, F3, and F5 digits for the right vs left hands for subject A were F1:357.13 ± 45.97 vs 363.74 ± 46.94, F2:403.17 ± 44.77 vs. 353.20 ± 44.13, F3:406.76 ± 43.10 vs. 357.11 ± 45.13, and F5:374.95 ± 53.00 vs. 377.90 ± 47.38. For subject B, the mean scores ± SD for digits for the right vs left hands were F1:294.72 ± 61.63 vs 280.71 ± 52.48, F2:285.85 ± 66.92 vs 252.67 ± 67.56, F3:268.56 ± 57.03 vs 283.22 ± 45.87, and F5:288.18 ± 34.46 vs 307.54 ± 40.04. The digits on the right hand of both subjects had higher carotenoid scores than those on the left hands, even though subjects had different dominant hands. Subject A had higher skin carotenoid scores on the F3 and F2 digits for the right hand and F5 on the left hand. Subject B had higher skin carotenoid scores on F5 (right) and F1 (left) digits. Conclusions The variability due to hand, digit, and day were all greater than that of the 3 replicates within the digit-day for both volunteers. This indicates that data were not completely random across the readings when remeasuring the same finger. Different fingers displayed higher carotenoid scores for each volunteer. There is a need to conduct a larger study with more subjects and a range of skin tones to determine whether the reliability of measurements among digits of both hands is similar across the population. Funding Sources Indiana University.

scholarly journals Microplastic contamination of the drilling bivalve Hiatella arctica in Arctic rhodolith beds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Teichert ◽  
Martin G. J. Löder ◽  
Ines Pyko ◽  
Marlene Mordek ◽  
Christian Schulbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polymer Composition ◽  
Bivalve Species ◽  
Filter Feeder ◽  
Hiatella Arctica ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Water Depths

AbstractThere is an increasing number of studies reporting microplastic (MP) contamination in the Arctic environment. We analysed MP abundance in samples from a marine Arctic ecosystem that has not been investigated in this context and that features a high biodiversity: hollow rhodoliths gouged by the bivalve Hiatella arctica. This bivalve is a filter feeder that potentially accumulates MPs and may therefore reflect MP contamination of the rhodolith ecosystem at northern Svalbard. Our analyses revealed that 100% of the examined specimens were contaminated with MP, ranging between one and 184 MP particles per bivalve in samples from two water depths. Polymer composition and abundance differed strongly between both water depths: samples from 40 m water depth showed a generally higher concentration of MPs and were clearly dominated by polystyrene, samples from 27 m water depth were more balanced in composition, mainly consisting of polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polypropylene. Long-term consequences of MP contamination in the investigated bivalve species and for the rhodolith bed ecosystem are yet unclear. However, the uptake of MPs may potentially impact H. arctica and consequently its functioning as ecosystem engineers in Arctic rhodolith beds.

Smartphone addiction and the relationship with head and neck pain and electromiographic activity of masticatory muscles

Work ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Fabiana Foltran Mescollotto ◽  
Érica Brito Gonçalves ◽  
Ester Moreira de Castro Carletti ◽  
Ana Beatriz Oliveira ◽  
Elisa Bizetti Pelai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Masticatory Muscles ◽  
Smartphone Addiction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Smartphone Use ◽  
The Right

Background: Excessive use of smartphones may be associated with behavioral and physical health changes and might cause musculoskeletal alterations in the head and neck region. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of smartphone addiction in college students and its correlation with symptoms of head and neck pain and masticatory and trapezius muscle activity while resting, before and after smartphone use. Methods: Twenty university students participated in the study. They answered the Smartphone Addiction Scale and the Fonseca Anamnestic Index. Next, the participants were seated and prepared for electromyography through the placement of surface electrodes on the masseter, temporal, and trapezius muscles. Rest condition data were collected for 10 seconds before and after 30 minutes of smartphone use. Results: The results showed that 35% of the evaluated individuals were classified as smartphone addicted and 35% reported no head or neck pain in the previous 30 days. There was no association between smartphone use and head and neck pain. In the electromyography, there was an increase in RMS values after smartphone use in the right and left masseter muscles and the left trapezius. Conclusion: College students presented a high prevalence of smartphone addiction and head and neck pain, but these were not statistically associated. There was a change in muscle activity only in the right trapezius muscles before and after 30 minutes of smartphone use. These findings are contrary to the current belief that the use of smartphones correlates with pain in the neck region and changes in the electrical muscle activity, leading to fatigue in the cervical muscles.

scholarly journals Production and water yield of cauliflower under irrigation depths and nitrogen doses

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 561-565
Author(s):  
Reginaldo M. de Oliveira ◽  
Rubens A. de Oliveira ◽  
Sanzio M. Vidigal ◽  
Ednaldo M. de Oliveira ◽  
Lorença B. Guimarães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Water Depths

ABSTRACT Cauliflower is a brassica produced and consumed in Brazil, whose cultivation depends on the adequate supply of water and nutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation depths and nitrogen doses on the production components and water yield of cauliflower hybrid Barcelona CMS. The treatments consisted of five irrigation water depths (0, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the crop evapotranspiration) combined with five nitrogen doses (0, 75, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a split-plot arrangement. The effects of these factors were evaluated using the response surface methodology. The water yield of the crop decreases with increasing irrigation water depth; therefore, the yield is higher when water replenishment is lower than the recommended. The highest estimated total inflorescence yield is 24,547.80 kg ha-1, with a inflorescence mean diameter of 19.60 cm, a inflorescence mean height of 12.25 cm, and an inflorescence fresh weight of 858.90 g plant-1, obtained with an irrigation water depth equivalent to 132.09% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and a nitrogen dose of 450 kg ha-1. The highest inflorescence diameter and height are obtained with an irrigation depth equivalent to 128.70 and 108.20% of ETc, respectively, and a nitrogen dose of 450 kg ha-1. Therefore, the best productivity response of the Barcelona CMS cauliflower hybrid can be obtained using an irrigation depth greater than the crop evapotranspiration, regardless of the nitrogen doses.

Mechanical Qualification of Dynamic Deep Water Power Cable

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Slora ◽  
Stian Karlsen ◽  
Per Arne Osborg
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Power Cable ◽  
Water Power ◽  
System Integrity ◽  
Water Depths

There is an increasing demand for subsea electrical power transmission in the oil- and gas industry. Electrical power is mainly required for subsea pumps, compressors and for direct electrical heating of pipelines. The majority of subsea processing equipment is installed at water depths less than 1000 meters. However, projects located offshore Africa, Brazil and in the Gulf of Mexico are reported to be in water depths down to 3000 meters. Hence, Nexans initiated a development programme to qualify a dynamic deep water power cable. The qualification programme was based on DNV-RP-A203. An overall project plan, consisting of feasibility study, concept selection and pre-engineering was outlined as defined in DNV-OSS-401. An armoured three-phase power cable concept assumed suspended from a semi-submersible vessel at 3000 m water depth was selected as qualification basis. As proven cable technology was selected, the overall qualification scope is classified as class 2 according to DNV-RP-A203. Presumed high conductor stress at 3000 m water depth made basis for the identified failure modes. An optimised prototype cable, with the aim of reducing the failure mode risks, was designed based on extensive testing and analyses of various test cables. Analyses confirmed that the prototype cable will withstand the extreme loads and fatigue damage during a service life of 30 years with good margins. The system integrity, consisting of prototype cable and end terminations, was verified by means of tension tests. The electrical integrity was intact after tensioning to 2040 kN, which corresponds to 13 000 m static water depth. A full scale flex test of the prototype cable verified the extreme and fatigue analyses. Hence, the prototype cable is qualified for 3000 m water depth.

Postural adjustments for online corrections of arm movements in standing humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 2375-2388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia A. Leonard ◽  
Valeriya Gritsenko ◽  
Ryan Ouckama ◽  
Paul J. Stapley
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Target Displacement ◽  
Postural Adjustments ◽  
Central Target ◽  
Postural Muscle ◽  
Online Corrections ◽  
Standing Humans ◽  
The Right

The aim of this study was to investigate how humans correct ongoing arm movements while standing. Specifically, we sought to understand whether the postural adjustments in the legs required for online corrections of arm movements are predictive or rely on feedback from the moving limb. To answer this question we measured online corrections in arm and leg muscles during pointing movements while standing. Nine healthy right-handed subjects reached with their dominant arm to a visual target in front of them and aligned with their midline. In some trials, the position of the target would switch from the central target to one of the other targets located 15°, 30°, or 45° to the right of the central (midline) target. For each target correction, we measured the time at which arm kinematics, ground reaction forces, and arm and leg muscle electromyogram significantly changed in response to the target displacement. Results show that postural adjustments in the left leg preceded kinematic corrections in the limb. The corrective postural muscle activity in the left leg consistently preceded the corrective reaching muscle activity in the right arm. Our results demonstrate that corrections of arm movements in response to target displacement during stance are preceded by postural adjustments in the leg contralateral to the direction of target shift. Furthermore, postural adjustments preceded both the hand trajectory correction and the arm-muscle activity responsible for it, which suggests that the central nervous system does not depend on feedback from the moving arm to modify body posture during voluntary movement. Instead, postural adjustments lead the online correction in the arm the same way they lead the initiation of voluntary arm movements. This suggests that forward models for voluntary movements executed during stance incorporate commands for posture that are produced on the basis of the required task demands.

scholarly journals Surgical Treatment for Malunion of the Lateral Humeral Epicondyle with Posterior Subluxation of the Radial Head: A Case Report and Literature Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Koichi Yano ◽  
Yasunori Kaneshiro ◽  
Hideki Sakanaka
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Collateral Ligament ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Forearm Rotation ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Lateral Epicondyle ◽  
Limited Range Of Motion ◽  
Contracture Release ◽  
Normal Congruence ◽  
The Right

A 24-year-old right-handed man suffered right olecranon and lateral epicondylar fracture from high energy trauma. Fixation of olecranon was performed by a previous doctor. Three months after operation, he presented with limited range of motion (ROM) of the right elbow caused by malunion of the lateral epicondylar fracture and subluxation of the radiohumeral joint. Preoperative ROM of the right elbow was flexion 110° and extension −75°. Forearm rotation was pronation 85° and supination 65°. Fragment excision of the lateral epicondyle, which was 27 mm in length, and lateral collateral ligament repair using anchors were performed. Fourteen months postoperatively, contracture release of the elbow was performed. Twenty-four months postoperatively, radiograph of the elbow showed normal congruence without osteoarthritic changes and the ROM of the right elbow was flexion 120° and extension −35°. Forearm rotation was pronation 90° and supination 70°. In the surgical setting, in case of the size of the lateral epicondylar fragment is relatively large, the fragment should be fixed or lateral collateral ligament should be repaired when the instability of the elbow is found.

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