Effect of water depth on limb kinematics of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) during underwater treadmill exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Barnicoat ◽  
A.P. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Lateral Malleolus ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Duty Factor ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Lateral Epicondyle ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stride Parameters

Canine hydrotherapy is an increasingly popular modality for the rehabilitation of dogs; however, little evidence exists to support the use of current hydrotherapy protocols. Before data can be meaningfully collected from pathological animals, biomechanical data for healthy animals is required. Kinematic analysis was utilised to observe the effect of increasing water depth on the stride parameters (including duty factor) of dogs exercising on a canine hydrotherapy treadmill. During two sessions, eight clinically sound adult dogs walked on the underwater treadmill at four different water depths (dry, mid-tarsal, between the lateral malleolus and the lateral epicondyle, and between the lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter). Reflective kinematic markers were placed onto anatomical limb landmarks and a video camera was used to record foot contacts at 60 Hz. Data were digitised using video analysis software and stride length, stride frequency and duty factor were subsequently calculated. Data were analysed using the Friedman Test and Wilcoxon post hoc pairwise tests to identify differences between conditions. There was a significant effect of water depth on duty factor (P<0.0005). Hind limb duty factor differed significantly from fore limb duty factor (P<0.0005), except at the depth between the lateral malleolus and the lateral epicondyle where no significant difference was observed. There was a significant effect of water depth on both stride frequency (P<0.0005) and stride length (P<0.0005). In summary, water depth has a significant impact on the stride parameters of dogs exercising on the canine hydrotherapy treadmill and as such is an important consideration when designing underwater treadmill based rehabilitation programs.

scholarly journals Functional Electrical Stimulation Changes Dynamic Resources in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 987-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Ling Ho ◽  
Kenneth G Holt ◽  
Elliot Saltzman ◽  
Robert C Wagenaar
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Functional Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Spastic Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Muscle Complex ◽  
Spring System

Abstract Background and Purpose. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often are faced with difficulty in walking. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) applied to the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle complex on the ability to produce appropriately timed force and reduce stiffness (elastic property of the body) and on stride length and stride frequency during walking. Subjects and Methods. Thirteen children with spastic CP (including 4 children who were dropped from the study due to their inability to cooperate) and 6 children who were developing typically participated in the study. A crossover study design was implemented. The children with spastic CP were randomly assigned to either a group that received FES for 15 trials followed by no FES for 15 trials or a group that received no FES for 15 trials followed by FES for 15 trials. The children who were having typical development walked without FES. Kinematic data were collected for the children with CP in each walking condition and for the children who were developing typically. Impulse (force-producing ability) and stiffness were estimated from an escapement-driven pendulum and spring system model of human walking. Stride length and stride frequency also were measured. To compare between walking conditions and between the children with CP and the children who were developing typically, dimensional analysis and speed normalization procedures were used. Results. Nonparametric statistics showed that there was no significant difference between the children with CP in the no-FES condition and the children who were developing typically on speed-normalized dimensionless impulse. In contrast, the children with CP in the FES condition had a significantly higher median value than the children who were developing typically. The FES significantly increased speed-normalized dimensionless impulse from 10.02 to 16.32 when comparing walking conditions for the children with CP. No significant differences were found between walking conditions for stiffness, stride length, and stride frequency. Discussion and Conclusion. The results suggest that FES is effective in increasing impulse during walking but not in decreasing stiffness. The effect on increasing impulse does not result in more typical spatiotemporal gait parameters. [Ho CL, Holt KG, Saltzman E, Wagenaar RC. Functional electrical stimulation changes dynamic resources in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Phys Ther. 2006;86:987–1000.]

scholarly journals Energetics of vertical kilometer foot races; is steeper cheaper?

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Giovanelli ◽  
Amanda Louise Ryan Ortiz ◽  
Keely Henninger ◽  
Rodger Kram
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Video Analysis ◽  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Duty Factor ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Metabolic Costs

Vertical kilometer foot races consist of a 1,000-m elevation gain in <5,000 m of overall distance, and the inclines of the fastest courses are ∼30°. Previous uphill locomotion studies have focused on much shallower angles. We aimed to quantify the metabolic costs of walking and running on very steep angles and to biomechanically distinguish walking from running. Fifteen runners (10 male, 5 female, 32.9 ± 7.5 yr, 1.75 ± 0.09 m, 64.3 ± 9.1 kg) walked and ran for 5 min at seven different angles (9.4, 15.8, 20.4, 24.8, 30.0, 35.0, and 39.2°) all at a fixed vertical velocity (0.35 m/s). We measured the metabolic rates and calculated the vertical costs of walking (Cwvert) and running (Crvert). Using video analysis, we determined stride frequency, stride length, and duty factor (fraction of stride that each foot is in ground contact). At all angles other than 9.4°, Cwvert was cheaper than Crvert (average −8.45 ± 1.05%; P < 0.001). Further, broad minima for both Cwvert and Crvert existed between 20.4 and 35.0° (average Cwvert 44.17 ± 0.41 J·kg−1·m−1 and average Crvert 48.46 ± 0.35 J·kg−1·m−1). At all angles and speeds tested, both walking and running involved having at least one foot on the ground at all times. However, in walking, stride frequency and stride length were ∼28% slower and longer, respectively, than in running. In conclusion, we found that there is a range of angles for which energy expenditure is minimized. At the vertical velocity tested, on inclines steeper than 15.8°, athletes can reduce their energy expenditure by walking rather than running.

Effect of water depth on muscle activity of dogs when walking on a water treadmill

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
S. Parkinson ◽  
A.P. Wills ◽  
G. Tabor ◽  
J.M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Lateral Malleolus ◽  
Greater Trochanter ◽  
Lateral Epicondyle ◽  
The Right ◽  
Water Treadmill ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Water Depths

Evidence-informed practice is currently lacking in canine hydrotherapy. This study aimed to investigate if the estimated workload of the gluteus medius (GM) and longissimus dorsi (LD) increased in dogs at different water depths when walking on a water treadmill. Seven dogs were walked for 2 min continuously on a water treadmill at depths of no submersion (depth 1), mid-tarsal (depth 2), between lateral malleolus and lateral epicondyle (depth 3) and between the lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter (depth 4). Continuous electromyographic data from the right and left sides of GM and LD were collected simultaneously during exercise. Friedman’s analyses with post-hoc Wilcoxon tests established if significant differences in GM and LD muscle activity occurred between the water depths for mean estimated-workload. Significant differences occurred in estimated-workload in GM and LD between water depths (P<0.05). Mean estimated-workload decreased in the right and left GM between depths 2 (mid-tarsal) and 3 (between lateral malleolus and epicondyle) (P<0.007) and depths 2 and 4 (between lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter) (P<0.001), a pattern which was repeated for left and right LD (P<0.007). Right GM mean estimated-workload increased between depth 1 (no submersion) and depth 2 only (P<0.013). Water depth influences GM and LD activity in dogs walking on a water treadmill. Increasing knowledge of canine locomotion in water treadmills could be used to inform individualised rehabilitation regimes for dogs undertaking hydrotherapy.

scholarly journals Analysis of Stride Parameters and Running Velocity at Indoor 400 M Running

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (96) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoras Šilinskas ◽  
Albinas Grūnovas ◽  
Juratė Stanislovaitienė
Keyword(s):  
Entire Range ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Maximum Change ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
Complex Events ◽  
Stride Parameters ◽  
Support Time

Background. 400 m race is one of most difficult and complex events in athletics. In order to achieve good results in the distance an athlete must have not only good velocity characteristics, but also be able to tactically correctly allocate them, i.e. depending on their total and special endurance level be able to distribute efforts in the entire range, select the optimum running velocity for the start and keep it until the finish. Research aim was to analyse the choice of running tactics and change of stride parameters and running velocity of the best Lithuanian 400 m runners during a running indoor contest. Methods. The study was conducted during Lithuanian Indoor Championship. The best 15 runners of 400 meters were investigated. The runners were filmed by Digital cameras from the side at a distance of 90, 190, 290 and  390 meters. We analysed stride kinematic parameters (duration of support and flight, stride length, stride frequency) and the running velocity.Results. The maximum decrease of the stride length and running velocity were observed between 190 and 290 m where the stride length decreased from 2.22 ± 0.03 to 2.08 ± 0.03 m and running velocity from 8.18 ± 013 to 7.36 ± 0.07 m/s. In the first distance range, i.e. 90 m, the stride frequency was 3.83 ± 0.05 Hz. Later it gradually decreased to 3.46 ± 0.05 Hz in 390 meters. Duration of support at 90 m was 0.119 ± 0.001 s and till 290 m it become longer, later it was almost unchanging. Time of flight phase changed insignificantly over the entire distance.Conclusion. It was found that athletes’ choice of running tactics depended not only on their preparation type (sprint or endurance), but also on the conditions in which the athlete starts (indoor or outdoor), as well as on the number of the track in which the athlete starts. The maximum change of running velocity and stride length during the indoor running was observed in the second half of the range, while the stride frequency decreased gradually during the entire range. Change of support time had greater impact for stride frequency than change of flight time.Keywords: stride frequency, stride length, duration of support, duration of flight, tactics.

Effect of Water Depth on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrogen‐15 Balance in Lowland Rice 1

1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. De Datta ◽  
W. N. Obcemea ◽  
R. Y. Chen ◽  
J. C. Calabio ◽  
R. C. Evangelista
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Use Efficiency

scholarly journals Limitations of Foot-Worn Sensors for Assessing Running Power

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 4952
Author(s):  
Tobias Baumgartner ◽  
Steffen Held ◽  
Stefanie Klatt ◽  
Lars Donath
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Gait Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Metabolic Costs ◽  
Ground Contact Time ◽  
Training Signal

Running power as measured by foot-worn sensors is considered to be associated with the metabolic cost of running. In this study, we show that running economy needs to be taken into account when deriving metabolic cost from accelerometer data. We administered an experiment in which 32 experienced participants (age = 28 ± 7 years, weekly running distance = 51 ± 24 km) ran at a constant speed with modified spatiotemporal gait characteristics (stride length, ground contact time, use of arms). We recorded both their metabolic costs of transportation, as well as running power, as measured by a Stryd sensor. Purposely varying the running style impacts the running economy and leads to significant differences in the metabolic cost of running (p < 0.01). At the same time, the expected rise in running power does not follow this change, and there is a significant difference in the relation between metabolic cost and power (p < 0.001). These results stand in contrast to the previously reported link between metabolic and mechanical running characteristics estimated by foot-worn sensors. This casts doubt on the feasibility of measuring running power in the field, as well as using it as a training signal.

Assessing The Quality of Water Depth Derived From Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) For Flood Monitoring. A Case Study of Hurricane Harvey In Harris County, Texas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullatif Alyaqout ◽  
T. Edwin Chow ◽  
Alexander Savelyev
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Volunteered Geographic Information ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flood Monitoring

Abstract The primary objectives of this study are to 1) assess the quality of each volunteered geographic information (VGI) data modality (text, pictures, and videos), and 2) evaluate the quality of multiple VGI data sources, especially the multimedia that include pictures and videos, against synthesized water depth (WD) derived from remote sensing (RS) and authoritative data (e.g. stream gauges and depth grids). The availability of VGI, such as social media and crowdsourced data, empowered the researchers to monitor and model floods in near-real-time by integrating multi-sourced data available. Nevertheless, the quality of VGI sources and its reliability for flood monitoring (e.g. WD) is not well understood and validated by empirical data. Moreover, existing literature focuses mostly on text messages but not the multimedia nature of VGI. Therefore, this study measures the differences in synthesized WD from VGI modalities in terms of (1) spatial and (2) temporal variations, (3) against WD derived from RS, and (4) against authoritative data including (a) stream gauges and (b) depth grids. The results of the study show that there are significant differences in terms of spatial and temporal distribution of VGI modalities. Regarding VGI and RS comparison, the results show that there is a significant difference in WD between VGI and RS. In terms of VGI and authoritative data comparison, the analysis revealed that there is no significant difference in WD between VGI and stream gauges, while there is a significant difference between the depth grids and VGI.

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