scholarly journals An updated checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila) of Pennsylvania, United States of America

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 1-86
Author(s):  
Shelby Kerrin Kilpatrick ◽  
Jason Gibbs ◽  
Martin M. Mikulas ◽  
Sven-Erik Spichiger ◽  
Nancy Ostiguy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wild Bee ◽  
Species Of Conservation Concern ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Bee Communities ◽  
First Time

Checklists provide information about the species found in a defined region and serve as baselines for detecting species range expansions, contractions, or introductions. Bees are a diverse and important group of insect pollinators. Although some bee populations are declining, these patterns are difficult to document and generalize due to a lack of long-term studies for most localities. Documenting the diversity of wild bee communities is critical for assessing pollination services, community ecology, and geographical and temporal changes in distribution and density. Here, an updated checklist of the bees of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, USA, is presented. Since the first checklist was published (2010; 372 species), thousands of additional specimens from the state have been collected and databased, new species have been described in the region, and the taxonomic status of some species have changed. Specimen data from insect collections, databases, scientific literature, and unpublished records were compared to the original checklist. Seventy-nine new state species records – including 49 first-time reports – representing five of the six bee families in North America, were documented resulting in a total of at least 437 bee species reported from Pennsylvania. We highlight new county records and species persistence details. Our list includes a total of 23 exotic species and at least five species of conservation concern. Lists of species excluded from the state checklist and species anticipated to occur in Pennsylvania are also included. This checklist provides baseline data for researchers and the public. The benefits of insect collections, specimen databases, determination and voucher labels, and georeferencing to biodiversity studies and other aspects of biological research are also discussed.

The 1912 Duma Elections: The State, the Opposition and the Clergy

Orthodoxia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
F. A. Gayda
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

This article deals with the political situation around the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire in 1912 (4th convocation). The main actors of the campaign were the government, local administration, liberal opposition and the clergy of the Orthodox Russian Church. After the 1905 revolution, the “official Church” found itself in a difficult situation. In particular, anti-Church criticism intensified sharply and was expressed now quite openly, both in the press and from the rostrum of the Duma. A consequence of these circumstances was that in this Duma campaign, for the first time in the history of Russian parliamentarianism, “administrative resources” were widely used. At the same time, the authorities failed to achieve their political objectives. The Russian clergy became actively involved in the election campaign. The government sought to use the conflict between the liberal majority in the third Duma and the clerical hierarchy. Duma members launched an active criticism of the Orthodox clergy, using Grigory Rasputin as an excuse. Even staunch conservatives spoke negatively about Rasputin. According to the results of the election campaign, the opposition was even more active in using the label “Rasputinians” against the Holy Synod and the Russian episcopate. Forty-seven persons of clerical rank were elected to the House — three fewer than in the previous Duma. As a result, the assembly of the clergy elected to the Duma decided not to form its own group, but to spread out among the factions. An active campaign in Parliament and the press not only created a certain public mood, but also provoked a political split and polarization within the clergy. The clergy themselves were generally inclined to blame the state authorities for the public isolation of the Church. The Duma election of 1912 seriously affected the attitude of the opposition and the public toward the bishopric after the February revolution of 1917.

scholarly journals Pollination services for apple are dependent on diverse wild bee communities

2016 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor J. Blitzer ◽  
Jason Gibbs ◽  
Mia G. Park ◽  
Bryan N. Danforth
Keyword(s):  
Pollination Services ◽  
Wild Bee ◽  
Bee Communities

scholarly journals Illuminating Insights into the Biodiversity of the Australian Psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) Collected Using Light Trapping

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Francesco Martoni ◽  
Gary S. Taylor ◽  
Mark J. Blacket
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Light Trapping ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Species Of Conservation Concern ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
First Time

The superfamily Psylloidea includes numerous species which play a key role in Australian ecology and biodiversity, as well as pests and biological control agents, and sometimes threatened species of conservation concern. Different psyllid sampling and collection techniques are usually performed depending on the nature and aim of the study: from the beating and sweeping of psyllid host plants for conservation and biodiversity assessment, to suction and sticky traps in agriculture. Due to a general lack of information on its efficacy for psyllids, however, light trapping has not usually been employed. Here we present the results obtained trapping psyllids using different light sources and we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this technique to assess psyllid biodiversity. In particular, we highlight the strength of using this methodology paired with DNA barcoding, to cast some light on psyllid biodiversity. The results obtained here suggest that the psyllid fauna of Australia is heavily understudied and the number of undescribed species might be many times higher than previously expected. Additionally, we report, for the first time, the species Trioza adventicia Tuthill 1952, and Cryptoneossa triangula Taylor 1990 in the state of Queensland.

scholarly journals Birds at Santa Bárbara Ecological Station, one of the last Cerrado remnants in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson da Silva Lucindo ◽  
Alexsander Zamorano Antunes ◽  
Marina Mitsue Kanashiro ◽  
Manoel Martins Dias
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Species Of Conservation Concern ◽  
Conservation Concern

In the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, the phytophysiognomy known as Cerrado takes less than 1% of its original cover. Thus, the establishment and management of protected areas are essential to save a significant sample of biodiversity of this environment in the region. The Santa Bárbara Ecological Station is one of the largest protected areas in São Paulo, and one of the few ones to cover a mosaic with most of the vegetation types of Cerrado. This article aims to increase the knowledge of avifauna in the reserve, showing new bird records and evaluating the association of species to their physiognomies. We carried out surveys from 2008 to 2013, which resulted in the record of 226 species, or 246 when in regard to Willis & Oniki’s works (1981, 2003). Twenty-two are regionally threatened, and five globally threatened. Despite showing lower species richness, grasslands stood out because of the number of species of conservation concern. Preventing the densification of woody vegetation and controlling the invasion of alien plants are important management actions for the conservation of the bird assemblages at Santa Bárbara reserve, one of the last open Cerrado remnants in São Paulo.

scholarly journals Women Rights in Constitutions of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Zaheer Hussain Soomro ◽  
Amir Ahmed Khuhro ◽  
Safdar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
The Public ◽  
Indian Act ◽  
First Time ◽  
Women Rights ◽  
Women Participation

The constitution is the prime document of any state to define the policy to run the country. Even Constitution is divided into kinds and types. Constitution describing the purposes, intentions, standards and goals to shelter the persons and essential civil rights of the public. The Constitution of Pakistan is the guideline for the fundamental rights of people. Before the creation of Pakistan there were Indian Act 1935 and the state was ruled under the governor general, later the new constitution was presented in form of objectives resolution, first time females privileges were incorporated later in the 1956 constitution the independence of the judiciary and civil rights were incorporate, later in 1962 constitution it was assured to confirm the far-reaching marginal privileges later in the constitution of 1973 women rights were included without dissemination on the base of (race, color, sex, caste, religion, dwelling, or place of birth) and ensure the women participation in all domains of ordinary life with shelter government.

scholarly journals A paradox of restoration: prey habitat engineering for an introduced, threatened carnivore can support native biodiversity

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liina Remm ◽  
Asko Lõhmus ◽  
Tiit Maran
Keyword(s):  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Rana Arvalis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Species Of Conservation Concern ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Management Project ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
The Cost

AbstractConservation of charismatic vertebrates in modern landscapes often includes habitat engineering, which is well supported by the public but lacks a consideration of wider conservation consequences. We analysed a pond management project for an introduced island population of captive-bred, Critically Endangered European mink Mustela lutreola. Ponds were excavated near watercourses in hydrologically impoverished forests to support the main prey of the mink (brown frogs Rana temporaria and Rana arvalis). A comparison of these ponds with other, natural, water bodies revealed that the (re)constructed ponds could reduce food shortages for the mink. Moreover, the ponds provided habitat for macroinvertebrates that were uncommon in the managed forests in the study area, including some species of conservation concern. The cost-effectiveness of the management of charismatic species can be increased by explicitly including wider conservation targets at both the planning and assessment stages.

scholarly journals Negative effects of pesticides on wild bee communities can be buffered by landscape context

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1809) ◽  
pp. 20150299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia G. Park ◽  
E. J. Blitzer ◽  
Jason Gibbs ◽  
John E. Losey ◽  
Bryan N. Danforth
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Landscape Context ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Natural Areas ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Wild Bee ◽  
Bee Community ◽  
Bee Communities

Wild bee communities provide underappreciated but critical agricultural pollination services. Given predicted global shortages in pollination services, managing agroecosystems to support thriving wild bee communities is, therefore, central to ensuring sustainable food production. Benefits of natural (including semi-natural) habitat for wild bee abundance and diversity on farms are well documented. By contrast, few studies have examined toxicity of pesticides on wild bees, let alone effects of farm-level pesticide exposure on entire bee communities. Whether beneficial natural areas could mediate effects of harmful pesticides on wild bees is also unknown. Here, we assess the effect of conventional pesticide use on the wild bee community visiting apple ( Malus domestica ) within a gradient of percentage natural area in the landscape. Wild bee community abundance and species richness decreased linearly with increasing pesticide use in orchards one year after application; however, pesticide effects on wild bees were buffered by increasing proportion of natural habitat in the surrounding landscape. A significant contribution of fungicides to observed pesticide effects suggests deleterious properties of a class of pesticides that was, until recently, considered benign to bees. Our results demonstrate extended benefits of natural areas for wild pollinators and highlight the importance of considering the landscape context when weighing up the costs of pest management on crop pollination services.

Perceptions of wild bees and farm characteristics associated with the uptake of pollinator-supporting land management practices among Canadian apple growers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Nalepa ◽  
Graham Epstein ◽  
Jeremy Pittman ◽  
Sheila R. Colla
Keyword(s):  
Land Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Wild Bee ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
Bee Communities ◽  
Perceived Costs

Abstract Pollination services are critical for food production. Although domesticated honey bees are important pollinators in agriculture, there is growing interest in supporting naturally occurring wild bees. Diversifying pollination management strategies by encouraging healthy wild bee communities may be especially useful for growers of insect-pollinated crops, such as apples. Although research has identified several land management practices that can enhance local pollinator communities on farms, there are few studies on the factors that influence growers to adopt pollinator-supporting actions on their land. Here, we surveyed 75 Canadian apple growers and used regression models to explore the influence of farm characteristics and perceptions about bees on the likelihood of adopting 15 unique pollinator-supporting practices. We also provide a descriptive analysis of growers' pollination management practices and self-assessed resourcefulness on the ability to improve habitat for wild pollinators on the farm. We found that an increase in three variables: awareness of wild bees, perception of the severity of threats facing wild populations, and the perception of the benefits provided by wild bees is associated with more pollinator-supporting practices on the farm. Overall, growers were less likely to adopt pollinator-friendly practices as the fraction of rented land increased and as the perceived costs of implementing these practices rose. We found ‘low-hanging fruit’ (i.e., pollinator-supporting practices that could be easily and inexpensively implemented) were adopted by less than one-third of growers and that the majority of those surveyed had little to no knowledge on what actions to take if they wanted to improve their farms for wild bees or where to go for that knowledge. Our results suggest that policies and programs that focus on raising grower awareness of wild bees, increasing grower perception of their benefits, and reducing the perceived costs of implementing pollinator-supporting practices may positively affect their uptake. A deeper understanding of grower perceptions will provide essential insight into how growers may contribute to wild pollinator conservation while potentially increasing agricultural production and reducing vulnerability borne of heavy reliance on managed pollinators.

The phylogenetic placement of the rare North American band-winged grasshopper Shotwellia isleta Gurney, 1940 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lightfoot ◽  
Kelly Miller ◽  
William Edelman
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Chihuahuan Desert ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
The North ◽  
Species Of Conservation Concern ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Conservation Concern

AbstractThe phylogenetic placement of the North American band-winged grasshopper Shotwellia isleta (Gurney 1940) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) has been investigated. This rare and unique species of grasshopper belongs to a monotypic genus known only from a few isolated locations in the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico and New Mexico, USA. The taxonomic status of Shotwellia has been uncertain and historically classified in very different ways relative to other genera. We conducted the first molecular phylogenetic cladistic analysis of Shotwellia and of the Chortophaga (Saussure) genus group in which it is currently classified, using three mitochondrial genes (16S, 12S and cytochrome c oxidase II), 14 morphological characters and two behavioral characters. Our analysis supports the current monotypic status of the genus Shotwellia within the Chortophaga genus group and indicates that Shotwellia is sister to the other genera in that group. Shotwellia isleta is a species of conservation concern, and our field sampling indicates that it is a rare specialist of freshwater ephemeral desert lake beds that are being impacted by human activity. Understanding the phylogeny of S. isleta provides a basis from which biological, evolutionary and conservation inferences can be made.

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