scholarly journals The The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Wharton's Jelly on ADAMTS-4 and iNOS Levels in Osteoarthritis Rat Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1270-1275
Author(s):  
Endrinaldi Endrinaldi ◽  
Eryati Darwin ◽  
Nasrul Zubir ◽  
Gusti Revilla
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Joint Tissue ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Monosodium Iodoacetate

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common diseases among the elderly. OA occurs due to an imbalance between degradation and synthesis in articular joint tissue, causing changes in joint components such as cells, matrices and molecular production. Therefore, knowledge of cartilage-degrading enzymes such as ADAMTS-4 and iNOS is needed. AIM: This study aims to prove the effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Wharton Jelly on decreasing ADAMTS-4 levels as cartilage-degrading enzymes and increasing levels of iNOS which showed the immunosuppressive potential of MSC-WJ in cases of osteoarthritis in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This research is an experimental study with the design of Post-test-Only Control Group Design. The sample consisted of 16 OA rats as a control group and 16 OA rats treated with MSC-WJ as a treatment group. OA induction is done by injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the intra-articular right knee. Giving MSC-WJ is done in the third week after MIA induction. The serum ADAMTS-4 and iNOS levels were measured after 3 weeks treated with MSC-WJ using the ELISA method. The statistical test used is an independent t-test. The value of p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant. RESULT: The result showed that serum ADAMTS-4 levels were lower in the group treated with MSC-WJ than in the control group, but not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Serum iNOS levels were higher in the group treated with MSC-WJ than in the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that MSC-WJ significantly reduced ADAMTS-4 levels and increased the serum iNOS levels of OA rats.

scholarly journals The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Wharton's Jelly on Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Interleukin-4 Levels in Osteoarthritis Rat Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endrinaldi Endrinaldi ◽  
Eryati Darwin ◽  
Nasrul Zubir ◽  
Gusti Revilla
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Target Component ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 1

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is generally considered a degenerative joint disease caused by biomechanical changes and the ageing process. In OA pathogenesis, the development of OA is thought to be regulated largely by excess matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), which contributes to the degradation of extracellular matrices such as MMP-1 and Interleukin-4. AIM: This study aims to prove the influence of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Wharton Jelly on decreasing MMP-1 levels and increasing IL-4 which is a specific target as a target component in cases of osteoarthritis in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This research is an experimental study with the design of Post-Test-Only Control Group Design. The sample consisted of 16 OA rats as a control group and 16 OA rats treated with MSC-WJ as a treatment group. OA induction is done by injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the intra-articular right knee. Giving MSC-WJ is done in the third week after MIA induction. The serum MMP-1 and IL-4 levels were measured after 3 weeks treated with MSC-WJ using the ELISA method. The statistical test used is an independent t-test. The value of p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The result showed that serum MMP-1 levels were higher in the group treated with MSC-WJ than in the control group (p < 0.05). Serum IL-4 levels were higher in the group treated with MSC-WJ than in the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that MSC-WJ increased MMP-1 levels and IL-4 levels in serum OA rats. MSC-WJ showed a negative effect on MMP-1 in the serum of OA rats.

Ekstrak Ethanol Kulit Jeruk Purut (Citrus hystrix) Berpotensi sebagai Agen Penurun Kolesterol : Studi In Vivo

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Henas Deliara ◽  
Arum Kartikadewi ◽  
Dyah Mustika Nugraheni
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Post Test

Latar Belakang: Hiperkolesterolemia dapat menyebabkan penyakit cerebrovaskuler bahkan kematian. Salah satu pencegahan hiperkolesterolemia adalah dengan pemberian suplemen contohnya menggunakan kulit jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) yang mengandung saponin, tanin dan flavonoid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuktikan adanya pengaruh pemberian ekstrak ethanol kulit jeruk purut terhadap kadar kolesterol total pada tikus wistar jantan yang diberi diet tinggi lemak. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental  ini menggunakan metode post test only control group design. Jumlah sampel 30 ekor tikus wistar jantan dikelompokkan secara simple random sampling menjadi kelompok kontrol negative (K-), kontrol positif (K+), perlakuan 1 (P1), perlakuan 2 (P2) dan perlakuan 3 (P3). Pada kelompok K+, P1,P2 dan P3 tikus diberi minyak babi sebanyak 3 mg/200grBB/hari selama 3 minggu. Kelompok P1, P2 dan P3 diberikan ekstrak ethanol kulit jeruk purut sebesar 35 mg/200grBB/hari, 70 mg/200grBB/hari, dan 140 mg/200grBB/hari selama 3 minggu. Kadar kolesterol total dihitung dengan metode CHOD-PAP lalu dianalisis secara statistic dengan uji One Way Annova dan uji beda dengan Pos Hoc. Hasil: Dari 25 sampel, rerata kadar kolesterol total (K-):73,90 mg/dl±19,11 mg/dl; (K+):80,00 mg/dl±4,72 mg/dl; (P1):69,94 mg/dl±6,52 mg/dl; (P2):59,10 mg/dl±11,70 mg/dl; (P3):59,74 mg/dl±7,52 mg/dl. (p=0,032). Hasil uji Pos Hoc kelompok yang berbeda signifikan adalah K- dengan P2 (p=0,049), K+ dengan P2 (p=0,008) dan K+ dengan P3 (p=0,010). Kesimpulan: Terdapat pengaruh pemberian ekstrak ethanol kulit jeruk purut terhadap kadar kolesterol total pada tikus wistar jantan yang diberi diet tinggi lemak. Dosis terendah ekstrak kulit jeruk purut yang dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol total adalah 70 mg/200 grBB/hari.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Acetaminophen-Related Liver Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies in Vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Yiwen Zhang ◽  
Jiajun Zhong ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Shuisheng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Control Group

Objective: The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in acetaminophen-induced liver injury has been investigated in animal experiments, but individual studies with a small sample size cannot be used to draw a clear conclusion. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies to explore the potential of using MSCs in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Methods: Eight databases were searched for studies reporting the effects of MSCs on acetaminophen hepatoxicity. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool for animal studies was applied to assess the methodological quality. A meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.4 and STATA/SE 16.0 software. Results: Eleven studies involving 159 animals were included according to PRISMA statement guidelines. Significant associations were found for MSCs with the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) (standardized mean difference (SMD) − 2.58, p < 0.0001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (SMD − 1.75, p = 0.001), glutathione (GSH) (SMD 3.7, p < 0.0001), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (SMD 1.86, p = 0.022), interleukin 10 (IL-10) (SMD 5.14, p = 0.0002) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (SMD − 4.48, p = 0.011) compared with those in the control group. The subgroup analysis showed that the tissue source of MSCs significantly affected the therapeutic efficacy (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis results demonstrate that MSCs could be a potential treatment for acetaminophen-related liver injury.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Implementation of the Education on the Knowledge and Status of Dental Cleanliness in Elderly in Darul Imarah Aceh Besar District, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (F) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Intan Liana ◽  
Arnela Nur ◽  
Anwar Arbi ◽  
Andriani Andriani ◽  
Sisca Mardelita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
A Value ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental

BACKGROUND: Oral health problems are ones that must be considered by the elderly. Dental and oral health in the elderly is essential and closely related to general health. Overcoming this problem needs necessary to optimize the elderly’s ability to maintain dental and oral hygiene by providing information and skills. AIM: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of self-empowerment-based education packages on knowledge and oral hygiene of the elderly in the Darul Imarah district of Aceh Besar. METHODS: This study’s design was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest design with control group design. This research is located in the village of Darul Imarah District, Aceh Besar. A sample of 80 older adults who were divided into two groups. Each group numbered 40 people. The criteria for this sampling were inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data analysis used univariable, bivariable, and multivariate using paired samples test and independent t-test. RESULTS: The results showed a difference in mean knowledge from post-test I to post-test II (P = 0.002). The results of the multivariate analysis of the knowledge, attitude, and behavior variables on the maintenance of dental and oral hygiene had a significant effect on the periodontal health status of pre-elderly (p = 0.001). The statistical test results showed that there was an effect of self-empowerment-based education on the knowledge of the elderly, p = 0.001. The results showed that there was no difference in knowledge in the control group in the post-test I and post-test 2 with a value of p = 0.72, and there was a difference in knowledge in the intervention group in the post-test I and post-test 2 with a value of p = 0.002. There were differences in dental and oral hygiene in the control group, and there were differences in dental and oral hygiene after being given the intervention with a value of p = 0.003. CONCLUSION: There is a significant effect of providing a self-empowerment-based education package to the elderly on the level of knowledge and oral hygiene status of the elderly in Darul Imarah District, Aceh Besar (p <0.05).

INFLUENCE OF JAMU MADURA “EMPOT SUPER” ON THE VAGINAL EPITHELIUM THICKNESS OF WHITE MICE (Rattus norvegicus) – AN IN VIVO STUDY

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Anik Listiyana
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Vaginal Epithelium ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Epithelium Thickness

<p><em>The aim of this research is to determine the influence of jamu Madura “Empot Super” (JMES) on the vaginal epithelium thickness of Rattus norvegicus in vivo. This research is kind of “true experimental-post test only control group design”. The rats were given drinking JMES once daily PS (Per-Sonde) for a month, then the vagina was taken to be sample for HE colouring. The sample was observed by the binocular microscope (100 times magnification) to identify the changes in the thickness of their vaginal epithelium. Calculation of the vaginal epithelium thickness was counted on the 10 field of view chosen randomly by the blind method. The result show that the vaginal epithelium thickness increased with dose 0,17mg/BW, 0,34mg/BW, and 0,68mg/BW of JMES compared with negative control group. But, the vaginal epithelium thickness decrease at the dose 0,51mg/BW compared with negative control group.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><strong>: </strong>Jamu Madura “Empot Super” (JMES), vaginal epithelium thickness, white mice (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>), In Vivo study</p>

scholarly journals Aphrodisiac Effects of Areca Fruit in Erectile Dysfunction Rat Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Nita Parisa ◽  
Muhammad Totong Kamaluddin ◽  
Salni Salni
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Animal House ◽  
Test Control

Abstract. Erectile Dysfunction (ED) cases are quite high in both women and men and increase with age. Areca fruit, ginseng and purwoceng are plants that have been traditionally used to increase male vitality. This in vivo experimental research study with pre and post-test control group design located in the laboratory of animal house and the biomolecular laboratory Faculty of Medicine Sriwijaya University. The subjects of this study were albino rats (Rattus norvegicus), Wistar strains, divided into 6 groups are negative control, Sildenafil, Areca Fruit Extract (AFE) 50 mg/kgBW, AFE 100 mg/kgBW, Combination of Areca Fruit, Ginseng and Purwoceng (AGP) 50 mg/kgBW and AGP 100 mg/kgBW. Female rat was injected by giving 500 mg/100 g of subcutaneous progesterone and 10 μg/100 g of BB benzoate 48 hours before mating so that female mice enter the esterus phase. In this study it was found that Combination of Areca fruit, Ginseng and Purwoceng (AGP) group 50mg/kgBW significantly improved testosterone levels compared to sildenafil, while single areca fruit (AFE) dose 50mg/kgBW increased FSH and LH levels as well as sildenafil statistically.   Keywords: areca fruit, erectile dysfunction, FSH, ginseng, LH, purwoceng, testosteron.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL ETHANOL OF Carica papaya L. EXTRACT AS IMMUNOMODULATORY THROUGH HISTOLOGY OBSERVATION AT MICE BALB/C SPLEEN

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Sri Tasminatun ◽  
Ria Pravitasari ◽  
SN. Nurul Makiyah
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
One Way Anova

Abstract: The diameter of the alba pulp of the spleen will be enlarged, when the body responds to allergens by increasing the activity of the immune system. Papaya fruits (Carica papaya L.) containing flavonoid that can be as an immunomodulator. This study aims to determine the effect of C. papaya extract to the diameter size alba pulp of the spleen of Ovalbumin (OVA) induced Balb/C mice. The research design was experimental in vivo animal test with post-test only control group design. Thirty male Balb/C mice, ±20grams weight, 8 weeks old, divided into six groups consists of a normal control, negative control, Methylprednisolone, and C. papaya extract treatment group (175mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 700mg/kg dose per day). The extract and Methylprednisolone are given for 28 days, while OVA is given on 15thand 22ndday (intraperitoneal,) and 23rd until 28thday (peroral). On the 29thday the mice are sacrificed and the duodenum was made into histological preparation with HE staining. The immunomodulator effect is assessed by the average of the diameter size alba pulp of the spleen under a light microscope. The data were analyzed using SPSS15 with one way ANOVA continued with Tukey test. The average of the diameter size alba pulp of the spleen for control group is 10,165 ± 0,195; negative control group is 30,357 ± 0,826; methylprednisolone group is 10,220 ± 0,346; 175mg/kgbb dose extract is 14,956 ± 1,057; 350mg/kgbb dose extract is 14,030 ± 0,667; and 700mg/kgbb dose extract is 12,504 ± 0,729. The conclusion of this study is Carica papaya L. extract treatment group (175mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 700mg/kg dose per day) has an effect to the average of the diameter size alba pulp of the spleen in OVA-induced Balb/C mice significantly. 700mg/kg dose per day has the same effect with the methylprednisolone group. Keywords: immunomodulator, Carica papaya L., alba pulp of the spleen, ovalbumin

scholarly journals Pengaruh Rebusan Daun Alpukat Terhadap Penurunan Tekanan Darah Pada Lansia Hipertensi Di Desa Prambatan Kecamatan Balen Kabupaten Bojonegoro

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Roni Al-faqih
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Elderly Hypertensive ◽  
Test Control

ABSTRAKHipertensi menjadi masalah pada lanjut usia karena ditemukan dan menjadi faktor utama payah jantung dan penyakit jantung koroner (Nugroho , 2008). Akibat dari proses menua, pembuluh darah menjadi kaku dan menyebabkan dinding ventrikel kiri berkurang elastisnya, akibatnya kenaikan tekanan darah terjadi secara progresif (Azizah, 2011). Hipertensi yang dialami oleh lansia di Desa Prambatan Kec. Balen kabupaten Bojonegoro semakin meningkat karena selama ini penanganan hipertensi hanya diberikan terapi farmakologi saja. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut secara non farmakologi dengan rebusan daun alpukat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh rebusan daun alpukat terhadap penurunan tekanan darah pada lansia hipertensi di Desa Prambatan Kecamatan Balen Kabupaten Bojonegoro.Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, adalah Quasy experiment Pre Test – Post Test control group Design. Populasi seluruh lansia yang mengalami hipertensi di Desa Prambatan Kecamatan Balen Kabupaten Bojonegoro sebanyak 40 responden, besar sampel pada penelitian ini berjumlah 36 responden dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol, dengan teknik total sampling. Variabel independent adalah trebusan daun alpukat dan variable dependent adalah penurunan tekanan darah. Data yang didapat melalui lembar observasi MAP kemudian dianalisa deskriptif untuk mengetahui perbedaan perubahan rerata tekanan darah.Hasil uji statistik dengan menggunakan Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test perhitungannya yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan SPSS 16,0 dengan tingkat kemaknaan ρ=0,05 didapatkan hasil tekanan darah sistolik ρ=0,003 dan tekanan darah diastolik ρ=0,027 yang berarti lebih kecil dari tingkat kemaknaan ρ0,005 Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penelitian ini adalah ada pengaruh rebusan daun alpukat terhadap penurunan tekanan darah pada lansia hipertensi. Melihat hasil penelitian ini maka rebusan daun alpukat ini dapat dijadikan sebagai terapi alternative tambahan selain dengan terapi farmakologi dalam mengatasi hipertensi pada lansia. Kata Kunci       : Rebusan daun alpukat, Hipertensi, Lansia   ABSTRACTHypertension is a problem in the elderly because many have fouded and become major factor in heart failure and coronary heart disease. As a result of the aging process, the blood vessels become stiff and cause reduced left ventricular wall elasticity, resulting in increased blood pressure occurs progressively. One of the efforts to resolve the issue in a non-pharmacological with avocado's leaf stew. This study aimed to analyze the influence of avocados's leaf stew to reduction of blood pressure in elderly hypertensive in  Prambatan Village Balen District of Bojonegoro.The design was used Quasy experiment  Pre Test - Post Test Control Group Design. The population in this resaerch is all the elderly with hypertension in the Prambatan village Balen District of Bojonegoro was 40 respondents, the sample size in this study amounted to 36 respondents, and were divided into two groups: the treatment group and the control group, with a total sampling technique. Statistical test results using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks with SPSS 16.0 with ρ = 0.05 significance level showed systolic blood pressure ρ = 0.003 and diastolic blood pressure ρ = 0.027 which is smaller than the significance level ρ 0,005The conclusion that can be drawn from this reseaerch is there is influence of decoction of leaves of avocado to the reduction of blood pressure in elderly hypertensive. Seeing these results this intervention can be used as an alternative therapy in addition to pharmacological therapy in hypertension in the elderly. Keyword: Avocado's leaf stew, Reduction of blood pressure, Elderl

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK KUNYIT (CURCUMA DOMESTICA) TERHADAP JUMLAH SEL MAKROFAG DAN DIAMETER PADA LESI ULKUS TRAUMATIKUS (suatu penelitian in vivo pada Tikus putih Jantan (Rattus norvegiccus))

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
Susanti Arisonya ◽  
Gunawan Wibisono ◽  
Grahita Aditya
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Post Test

Ulserasi mukosa mulut sering terjadi biasanya berupa bercak putih kekuningan dengan permukaan agak cekung dan tepi kemerahan, serta disertai rasa sakit. Berdasarkan penelitian yang sebelumnya kunyit memiliki zat anti inflamasi yang dapat membantu mempercepat proses penyembuhan ulserasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas kunyit (curcuma domestica) terhadap ulserasi mukosa mulut Rattus Norvegicus secara in vivo. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental semu dengan rancangan the post test- only control group design dengan hewan coba Rattus Norvegicus. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat 2 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu satu kelompok kontrol negatif, satu kelompok perlakuan dengan ekstrak kunyit. Pengambilan data berdasarkan pengamatan histopatologi dan klinis terhadap peningkatan jumlah makrofag dan pengukuran diameter ulkus. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan uji perbandingan antara kedua kelompok dengan uji Independen T-test menunjukkan bahwa jumlah makofag dari hari ke 1 sampai hari ke 3, 7, 10 terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol negatif yaitu p<0,05 dan perbandingan pengukuran diameter dari hari ke 1, 3, 7, 10 tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna anatara kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol negatif p>0,05. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahawa ekstrak kunyit (curcuma domestica) berpengaruh terhadap penyembuhan ulserasi mukosa mulut dilihat berdasarkan peningkatan jumlah makrofag dan pengecilan diameter ulserasi.

scholarly journals Ethanol Extract of Carica papaya Leaf Can Increase Breast Milk in Lactating Rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (A) ◽  
pp. 520-526
Author(s):  
Yanti Herawati ◽  
Umi Kalsum ◽  
I Wayan Arsana Wiyasa ◽  
Lelly Yuniarti ◽  
Teguh Wahju Sardjono
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Post Test

BACKGROUND: Carica papaya leaves (Carica papaya L) have been used empirically and traditionally as a galactogogue, but their mechanism as galactogogue is still unknown. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the effect of ethanol extract from papaya leaves on blood prolactin levels, prolactin receptor (prlr) gene expression, the number of breast alveoli and lobes of lactating rats. METHODS: This in vivo true experimental study with a post-test control group design was conducted on 24 rats with the same lactating period. They were divided into four groups consisting of six rats each. The control group was given daily standard food, whereas the three treatment groups were, respectively, given additionally ethanol extract of 0.95 mg, 1.9 mg, and 3.8 mg/200 g BW/day from day 1 to day 14 of lactation. On day 14, all of the rats were sacrificed, blood prolactin levels were measured by ELISA, prlr gene expressions were measured using RT-PCR, and numbers of breast alveoli and lobes were microscopically observed through staining histological specimens. A statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, Games–Howell test, and path analysis at 95% confidence level. RESULTS: Levels of blood prolactin levels, prlr gene expression, the number of breast alveoli, and lobes of all treatment rat groups were significantly above those of the control group (p < 0.05). The increases of all parameters were consistent; the most effective dose was 1.9 mg/200 g BW. CONCLUSION: The Carica papaya leaf ethanol extract had a galactogogue effect on lactating rats by increasing blood prolactin levels, prlr gene expression, and numbers number of breast alveoli and lobes.

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