scholarly journals In vitro activity of azithromycin in Salmonella isolates from Pakistan

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (05) ◽  
pp. 391-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhana Butt ◽  
Faisal Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
High Level

Introduction: Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C. It is a significant public health issue in Pakistan, which is exacerbated by a high level of resistance some isolates display to drugs routinely used in treatment. Azithromycin may be a treatment option for such isolates. Methodology: We determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi isolates against azithromycin in an attempt to gauge its feasibility as a therapeutic option. The MICs were also compared with corresponding disc diffusion zone sizes to see if there was consistency between the two tests. We tested 45 Salmonella enterica isolates using E-tests for MIC detection and azithromycin discs with a concentration of 15µg/ml for disc diffusion testing. Results: Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, and Salmonella Paratyphi C isolates demonstrated MICs of 2-12mg/L against azithromycin, suggesting that the antibiotic could be used for therapeutic purposes. For Salmonella Paratyphi B, the MICs were 2-48 mg/L. The higher MIC indicates a need for caution when considering use of azithromycin for Salmonella Paratyphi B infections without first testing for the MIC. There was a close correlation between MICs and zone sizes which was statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results indicate azithromycin is a potential therapeutic option for enteric fever. Standardized laboratory testing methods and interpretation for azithromycin  against Salmonella enterica would allow laboratories to report upon this antibiotic with confidence.

scholarly journals A study on Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella among the patients attending Shree Birendra Hospital

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raina Chaudhary ◽  
Khagendra Sijapati ◽  
Sunil Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Test ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Introduction: Enteric fever is the commonest public health problem in developing countries like Nepal. Multi Drug Resistant Salmonella isolates are in vitro susceptible to Quinolone but exhibited a higher Minimum Inhibitory Concentration in vivo. Such phenomenon can be demonstrated by simple disc diffusion test of Nalidixic Acid which shows resistance. This study is conducted to determine prevalence of Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella with their anti biotic sensitivity pattern at Shree Birendra Hospital, Chauni, kathmandu. Method: Of total 3945 blood samples from the patients suspected to have enteric fever were collected during the period of January 2011 to August 2011. Then it was mixed with Brain Heart Infusion , further processed according to standard methodology and their anti microbial susceptibility was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: From 3945 samples, 280 (7.09%) showed positi ve growth, 114 (40.7%) Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and 166 (59.2%) Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A. a total of 221 (78.92%) were Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella, all these strains were sensitive to Ciprofloxcin and Ofloxacin in disc diffusion test. Conclusion: Study showed a higher frequency of Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella among the patients. screening of Nalidixic Acid disc diffusion test must be done as routine work for determination of low level resistance of Quinolone so as to decide the drug for the treatment of enteric fever. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v10i2.6453 Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital July-Dec 2011 10(2) 1-3

scholarly journals Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella Typhi from Blood Culture in Paediatric Population

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Current Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Background: The bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar typhi causes typhoid fever which is a life-threatening systemic infection that mainly occurs in developing countries of the world and remains a major public health issue. Paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi A and B and (infrequently C). Appropriate and immediate antimicrobial therapy is required for the prevention of complications and mortality due to enteric fever. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate the current sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi so that appropriate antibiotics can be initiated on time. Objective: To determine the sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi in enteric fever among the pediatric population visiting a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried at the Department of Pediatrics in National Institute of Child Health Karachi from 13-12-2019 to 13-06-2020 after acquiring ethical approval from the hospital committee. There were 149 children aged 3-12 years of either gender diagnosed with enteric fever selected for this study. Patients' information was collected on pre-designed proforma. Blood of five milliliters quantity was drawn and sent to the pathology department within 12 hours of the admission. Salmonella typhi was identified by biochemical testing of the suspicious non-lactose fermenting colonies. Mueller Hinton Agar medium was used for testing antibiotic sensitivity. The sensitivity of the drug was interpreted as Sensitive, Intermediate and Resistant based on inhibition zone size. Results: The average age of the children was 5.56±2.39 years. Sensitivity for meropenem, azithromycin was 100% and 93.3% respectively while the sensitivity of ciprofloxacin was 53.7%. Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole, Chloramphenicol and Ceftriaxone were more than 80% resistant. Conclusion: Our study confirms the sensitivity for meropenem, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin. Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole, Chloramphenicol and Ceftriaxone showed higher resistance. This study emphasizes the need for continuous evaluation and judicious use of antimicrobials, considering the ever-changing antibiogram.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Azithromycin and Cefixime against Salmonella Typhi Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Raj Kumar Thapa ◽  
Sagar Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity

Correction: The page numbers were changed from 84-97 to 67-80 on 31/08/2020. Introduction: Enteric fever is systemic infection caused by the Salmonella enteric serovars typhi and para typhi A B and C. It is the significant cause of morbidity and mortality. It occurs in all parts of the world where water supplied and sanitation is substandard. Annually, it is estimated that more than 10 million cases and 100000 deaths are caused by typhoid fever. Regarding to the strains, a high prevalence of S. typhi and S. paratyphi. A strains in Nepal that showed resistance against the quinolone nalidixic acid (MIC> 256 mcg/ml with a corresponding decreased susceptibility against fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin (MIC>0.125 mcg/ml. Objectives: The main objective of study was to compare the efficacy of Azithromycin and Cefixime in treatment of typhoid fever. Methodology: The in vitro antibacterial activity of azithromycin and Cefixime against 4 isolated colonies of Salmonella typhi from reference of salmonella typhi ATCC no. 14028 and blood culture isolates from three different hospitals was evaluated by disc diffusion (well) method. 0.25 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 4 ppm, 8 ppm, 32 ppm, 128 ppm concentration of both Azithromycin and Cefixime was used. The zone of inhibition was measured and data was analyzed using Excel. Results: In all isolates of Salmonella typhi, the zone of inhibition shown by both Azithromycin and Cefixime is same at low concentration (0.25ppm, 0.5ppm) but with increasing in concentration there is increase in difference in zone of inhibition shown by them. The zone of inhibition shown by Cefixime is greater in high concentration as compared to zone of inhibition shown by Azithromyci. Conclusion: Our result indicate Cefixime is better than Azithromycin in therapeutic option for enteric fever.

scholarly journals Susceptibility to patterns of ciprofloxacin among nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates collected in Banepa, Nepal from enteric fever patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Girija Roka ◽  
Subash Pandaya ◽  
Md. Reyad-ul Ferdous ◽  
Manson Pandey ◽  
Naba Raj Pokhrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Broth Dilution ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

The present study determined the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin of nalidixic acid resistant <em>Salmonella</em> (NARS) isolated from enteric fever patients at Scheer Memorial Hospital, Banepa, Nepal, from June 2012 to December 2012. The antimicrobial sensitivity to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was determined using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and broth dilution method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. <em>Salmonella</em> was isolated from 34 out of 992 (3.43%) blood cultures collected during the study period, and 10 (29.4%) isolates were identified as <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serotype Typhi, while 24 (70.6%) were identified as <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serotype Paratyphi. Out of the total isolates, 31 (91.2%) were nalidixic acid-resistant <em>Salmonella</em> (NARS). Among NARS, the minimum inhibitory concentration values for ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.25 to 2 mg/L and were constantly higher than those shown by the nalidixic acid-susceptible <em>Salmonella</em>. Therefore, in typhoid <em>Salmonella</em> nalidixic acid resistance may be the indicator of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Biocides Used in the Modern Food Industry To Control Salmonella enterica, and Links between Biocide Tolerance and Resistance to Clinically Relevant Antimicrobial Compounds

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 3087-3097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orla Condell ◽  
Carol Iversen ◽  
Shane Cooney ◽  
Karen A. Power ◽  
Ciara Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Cross Tolerance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTBiocides play an essential role in limiting the spread of infectious disease. The food industry is dependent on these agents, and their increasing use is a matter for concern. Specifically, the emergence of bacteria demonstrating increased tolerance to biocides, coupled with the potential for the development of a phenotype of cross-resistance to clinically important antimicrobial compounds, needs to be assessed. In this study, we investigated the tolerance of a collection of susceptible and multidrug-resistant (MDR)Salmonella entericastrains to a panel of seven commercially available food-grade biocide formulations. We explored their abilities to adapt to these formulations and their active biocidal agents, i.e., triclosan, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and benzalkonium chloride, after sequential rounds ofin vitroselection. Finally, cross-tolerance of different categories of biocidal formulations, their active agents, and the potential for coselection of resistance to clinically important antibiotics were investigated. Six of seven food-grade biocide formulations were bactericidal at their recommended working concentrations. All showed a reduced activity against both surface-dried and biofilm cultures. A stable phenotype of tolerance to biocide formulations could not be selected. Upon exposure ofSalmonellastrains to an active biocidal compound, a high-level of tolerance was selected for a number ofSalmonellaserotypes. No cross-tolerance to the different biocidal agents or food-grade biocide formulations was observed. Most tolerant isolates displayed changes in their patterns of susceptibility to antimicrobial compounds. Food industry biocides are effective against planktonicSalmonella. When exposed to sublethal concentrations of individual active biocidal agents, tolerant isolates may emerge. This emergence was associated with changes in antimicrobial susceptibilities.

scholarly journals Enteric Fever in Mediterranean North Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh ◽  
Ezzedin Franka ◽  
Khaled Tawil ◽  
Momtaz Wasfy ◽  
Salwa F. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Population Based ◽  
North African ◽  
African Region ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean

Typhoid fever is endemic in the Mediterranean North African countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt) with an estimated incidence of 10-100 cases per 100,000 persons. Outbreaks caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi are common and mainly due to the consumption of untreated or sewage-contaminated water. Salmonella enterica Paratyphi B is more commonly involved in nosocomial cases of enteric fever in North Africa than expected and leads to high mortality rates among infants with congenital anomalies. Prevalence among travellers returning from this region is low, with an estimate of less than one per 100,000. Although multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi are prevalent in this region, the re-emergence of chloramphenicol- and ampicillin-susceptible strains has been observed. In order to better understand the epidemiology of enteric fever in the Mediterranean North African region, population-based studies are needed. These will assist the health authorities in the region in preventing and controlling this important disease.

scholarly journals Improving Our Understanding of Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B through the Engineering and Testing of a Live Attenuated Vaccine Strain

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen E. Higginson ◽  
Girish Ramachandran ◽  
Tracy H. Hazen ◽  
Dane A. Kania ◽  
David A. Rasko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Heterologous Challenge ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Homologous Challenge ◽  
Ideal Vaccine

ABSTRACT Enteric fever is caused by three Salmonella enterica serovars: Typhi, Paratyphi A, and Paratyphi B sensu stricto. Although vaccines against two of these serovars are licensed (Typhi) or in clinical development (Paratyphi A), as yet there are no candidates for S. Paratyphi B. To gain genomic insight into these serovars, we sequenced 38 enteric fever-associated strains from Chile and compared these with reference genomes. Each of the serovars was separated genomically based on the core genome. Genomic comparisons identified loci that were aberrant between serovars Paratyphi B sensu stricto and Paratyphi B Java, which is typically associated with gastroenteritis; however, the majority of these were annotated as hypothetical or phage related and thus were not ideal vaccine candidates. With the genomic information in hand, we engineered a live attenuated S. Paratyphi B sensu stricto vaccine strain, CVD 2005, which was capable of protecting mice from both homologous challenge and heterologous challenge with S. Paratyphi B Java. These findings extend our understanding of S. Paratyphi B and provide a viable vaccine option for inclusion in a trivalent live attenuated enteric fever vaccine formulation. IMPORTANCE We developed a live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B vaccine that conferred protection in mice against challenge with S. Paratyphi B sensu stricto and S. Paratyphi B Java, which are the causes of enteric fever and gastroenteritis, respectively. Currently, the incidence of invasive S. Paratyphi B sensu stricto infections is low; however, the development of new conjugate vaccines against other enteric fever serovars could lead to the emergence of S. Paratyphi B to fill the niche left by these other pathogens. As such, an effective S. Paratyphi B vaccine would be a useful tool in the armamentarium against Salmonella infections. Comparative genomics confirmed the serovar-specific groupings of these isolates and revealed that there are a limited number of genetic differences between the sensu stricto and Java strains, which are mostly hypothetical and phage-encoded proteins. The observed level of genomic similarity likely explains why we observe some cross-protection.

scholarly journals Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of Cephradine Benzoate

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-151
Author(s):  
M Ahmad ◽  
M Rahman ◽  
P Kumar Paul
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Shigella Boydii ◽  
Group B

Aims & Methods: The present study was undertaken to compare the antibacterial activity of a cephradine derivative with that of the parent antibiotic cephradine. Cephradine was converted to its benzoyl derivative by Schotten-Baumann method for the first time. Disc diffusion method was employed to find out the antibacterial activity against EPEC, ETEC, E. Agg, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella group B, Shigella boydii, Shigella dysenteriae 1, Shigella dysenteriae 2, Shigella flexinariae and Shigella sonnei. Melting point, TLC, HPLC, UV, FTIR and <sup>1</sup>H NMR studies were carried out to check the purity and confirm that the derivative was cephradine benzoate. Results: The benzoyl derivative showed promising activity against tested bacteria. The results obtained from the study demonstrate that the benzoyl derivative could be a potential antibacterial agent. Key words: Cephradine benzoate, antibacterial activity, disc diffusion method.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3329/bjms.v10i3.8356 BJMS 2011; 10(3): 148-151

scholarly journals Antibiogram of Salmonella Isolates from Blood with an Emphasis on Nalidixic Acid and Chloramphenicol Susceptibility in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Coastal Karnataka: A Prospective Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 074-077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Kumar Shetty ◽  
Ichlampady Nagaraj Shetty ◽  
Zevita Venisha Furtado ◽  
Beena Antony ◽  
Rekha Boloor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
First Line ◽  
Periodic Analysis ◽  
Paratyphi B

ABSTRACT Background: Enteric fever is caused by the serotypes Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Salmonella Paratyphi C. After emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonellae Ciprofloxacin, a fluorquinolone antibiotic was the first-line therapy. Treatment failure was observed with Ciprofloxacin soon and such strains showed in-vitro resistance to Nalidixic acid. Recent reports suggest re-emergence of Chloramphenicol sensitive strains and increasing Nalidixic acid resistance. This study is aimed at detecting the current trend in the antibiogram of Salmonella isolates from blood culture in coastal Karnataka, with an emphasis on antibiotic susceptibility of Nalidixic acid and Chloramphenicol and evaluate, if there is a need to modify the strategies in the antibiotic therapy for enteric fever. Materials and Methods: Blood samples received for culture in the laboratory between June 2009 and August 2011 was cultured in Brain Heart infusion broth, bile broth or in a commercial BACTEC culture media. The growth from blood cultures were processed for identification and antibiotic susceptibility as per standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility for Ampicillin, Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Nalidixic acid were noted. Results: Out of 9053 blood culture specimens received, Salmonella was isolated from 103 specimens. There were 85 Salmonella Typhi isolates, 16 Salmonella Paratyphi A and two Salmonella Paratyphi B. Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A showed the highest resistance to Nalidixic acid. Salmonella Typhi showed highest susceptibility to Ceftriaxone and Salmonella Paratyphi A to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and Chloramphenicol. Two isolates were multidrug resistant. One Salmonella Paratyphi A was resistant to Ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Routine screening of Nalidixic acid susceptibility is practical to predict fluorquinolone resistance in Salmonella and preventing therapeutic failure while treating with it. It is worthwhile to consider replacing fluorquinolones with Chloramphenicol or Ceftriaxone as the first line of therapy for enteric fever. Periodic analysis of Salmonella antibiogram should be done to formulate the best possible treatment strategies.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Fosfomycin, Rifampin, Vancomycin, Daptomycin Alone and in Combination Against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Yu ◽  
Yiheng Jiang ◽  
Hao Xu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Xuehang Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Resistance Determinant ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
High Level ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
Level Resistance

Abstract OBJECTIVESThe emergence of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) is shortening the choices for clinical anti-infective therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of vancomycin resistance and evaluate the effect of fosfomycin (FM), rifampin (RIF), vancomycin (VAN), linezolid (LNZ), daptomycin (DAP) alone or in combination against VRE.METHODSEight VRE isolates were collected. A total of 18 antibiotics susceptibility tests were further done for VRE. Whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed. The effect of FM, RIF, VNA, LNZ, DAP alone or in combination was determined using anti-biofilm testing and the time-kill assay.RESULTSAll isolates were susceptible to LNZ and DPA. The high-level resistance determinant of VAN in these strains was due to VanA-type cassette. MLST revealed two different STs for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREm) and four different STs for vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VREs). Virulence genes in VREs were more than VREm, especially for 4942 isolated from blood. Gene acm and uppS were only identified in VREm, while virulence genes related to cytolysin were only found in E. faecalis. Further in vitro anti-biofilm testing and time-kill assay found FM (83 mg/L) combined with DAP (20.6 mg/L) and DAP monotherapy (47.1 mg/L) showed bactericidal effect against 8 tested VRE strains at 24h. CONCLUSIONSThe high-level resistance determinant of VAN in these strains was due to VanA-type cassette. FM combined with DAP might be greater potential therapeutic option against VRE.

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