scholarly journals Activity of solvent extracts of Prosopis spicigera, Zingiber officinale and Trachyspermum ammi against multidrug resistant bacterial and fungal strains

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (05) ◽  
pp. 292-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Khan ◽  
Mohammad Zakir ◽  
Sadul H Afaq ◽  
Abdul Latif ◽  
Asad U Khan
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Trachyspermum Ammi ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Study Results

Background: The emerging trends of multidrug resistance among several groups of microorganisms against different classes of antibiotics led different researchers to develop efficient drugs from plant sources to counter multidrug resistant strains. This study investigated different solvent extracts of Prosopis spicigera (P. Spicigera), Zingiber officinale, and Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) to determine their efficacy against multidrug resistant microbes. Methodology: Successive extractions of these plants were performed using a Soxhlet apparatus, using solvents with increasing polarities. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was also performed .Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by a two-fold serial dilution method followed by determination of minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Escherichia coli and reference strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus bovis were used in the study. Results: The ethanolic fraction of P. spicigera (least minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] - 4.88 µg/ml) demonstrated a remarkable inhibition of the microorganisms while fractions obtained from those of Zingiber officinale (least MIC-78.125 µg/ml) exhibited little activity. The petroleum ether fraction of T. ammi (least MIC- 625 µg/ml) showed best activity when compared to its other fractions. Qualitative analysis of the phytoconstituents was also performed. Conclusions: The potency shown by these extracts recommends their use against multidrug resistant microorganisms. This study also showed that P. spicigera could be a potential source of new antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ZINGIBER OFFICINALE VAR RUBRUM EXTRACT AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Firnanda Iptita Dewi ◽  
Manik Retno Wahyunitisari
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antibacterial Agent ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Red Ginger

Background: gram-negative bacteria-salmonella typhi and gram-positive bacteria-staphylococcus aureus are types of bacteria that cause infectious disease among several areas in Indonesia. Staphylococcus aureus often found in skin lesions injury. Red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var rubrum) has been known for its medicinal value especially as an antibacterial agent. Purpose: This study aims to test the ability of Zingiber officinale var rubrum on inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: the activity of the antibacterial agent was calculated based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) using dilution method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of extract was determined by incubating bacteria with the extract overnight at 37 0C. Changes in turbidity and inhibition on bacterial growth were then observed. Result: The results show that minimum concentration for inhibitory effect was 1000 μg/mL.Conclusion: extract of Zingiber officinale var rubrum have an inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus but no activity of killing bacterial was observed on the concentration given.

scholarly journals Cloning of Multidrug-Resistant Genes from Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 NCTC4716

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-139
Author(s):  
Anowara Begum ◽  
Teruo Kuroda ◽  
Tomofusa Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Cloning Method ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
Resistant Strains

Both clinical and environmental multidrug-resistant strains of Vibrio cholerae (O1 and non-O1) have been reported from different parts of the world. In this study, we have cloned twenty-five genes associated drug resistance in Vibrio cholerae non-O1 NCTC4716 using shotgun cloning method. All of the cloned genes were introduced and expressed in a drug hypersusceptible host Escherichia coli KAM32. We observed elevated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of various antimicrobial agents such as fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, ethidium bromide and others in all transformants. Keywords: Vibrio cholerae, Drug resistance, Drug-resistant genes, Cloning, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v23i2.879 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 23, Number 2, December 2006, pp 137-139

Multidrug Resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - Changing Sensitivity Pattern with Resistance to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole - A Retrospective Study from Jaipur, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (26) ◽  
pp. 2339-2343
Author(s):  
Dinesh Kumar Jain ◽  
Yogesh Kumar Gupta ◽  
Parul Sinha ◽  
Sandeep Gupta ◽  
Varunika Vijayvergia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

BACKGROUND Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative bacillus, multidrug resistant (MDR) opportunistic pathogen, which is normally present in hospital surroundings. It has been one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections due to risk factors such as extended intensive care unit (ICU) stays and multiple invasive procedures. In this study we wanted to assess the antibiotic sensitivity pattern with various antimicrobial agents i.e. levofloxacin, minocycline, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, & ticarcillin-clavulanic acid with special focus on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). METHODS In vitro analysis was conducted on 164 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains isolated from blood and respiratory tract from January 2016 to November 2020. Antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), levofloxacin (LVX), ticarcillin - clavulanic acid (TIM), and minocycline (MIN) were performed using Vitek 2, as per clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guideline. RESULTS A total of 164 S. maltophilia were isolated. Out of the 164 S. maltophilia isolates, 26 (16 %) were isolated from blood, 114 (70 %) were isolated from respiratory samples, 20 (12 %) from pus & tissue, and 4 (2 %) from urine. Out of the 164 patients, 130 (80 %) were males and 32 (20 %) were females. Maximum patients were above 50 years of age 93 (56 %) followed by 20 - 50 years 55 (34 %). Out of the 164 patients, 67 (40 %) were admitted to wards, 92 (56 %) were in ICU and 5 (3 %) were seen in out-patient department (OPD). A total of 90 % strains were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Total 91 % strains were sensitive to levofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS S. maltophilia is emerging as a significant nosocomial pathogen, with a growing rate of isolation. Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is still the drug of choice, but resistance to it has been reported. KEYWORDS Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), Levofloxacin

scholarly journals Inhibitory Activity of Levofloxacin against MDR Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Lisa Nathalie ◽  
Lindawati Alimsardjono ◽  
Isnaeni Isnaeni
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Concentration ◽  
Important Species ◽  
One Step

Introduction: Staphylococcus  aureus  and  Pseudomonas  aeruginosa  are the most dangerous  and important species among  their genus.  These  bacteria  are often  resistant  to  many  classes  of antimicrobial  agents;  which  make difficulties in selecting appropriate drug to treat infections. Multidrug-resistance occurs readily in hospitals for which antimicrobials  agents  were   used  widely. Objective: The  aims  of  this  study  was  to  determine  minimum  inhibitory concentration  (MIC) and  minimum bacterial  concentration  (MBC) of levofloxacin  against 22 multidrug  resistant- clinical (MDR) strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients pus and urine in hospital. Methods: Determination of the MIC was performed by macro-dilution broth assay as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), while the MBC was determined one-step further after the MIC determination. Results: It was found that MIC of the levofloxacin were (0.3 ± 0.0) - >0.5 µg/mL and (0.2 ± 0.1) - (1.0 ±0.0)µg/mL against S. aureus from pus and urine, respectively.  In addition, higher MICs were yielded against P. aeruginosa, (1.0 ± 0.0) - >8.0 µg/mL and (0.7 ± 0.3) - (3.0 ± 1.2) µg/mL for pus and urine isolates respectively. Similar to MICs, the MBCs against P. aeruginosa were higher than S. aureus, (0.6 ± 0.0) - > 4.0 µg/mL and (0.3 ± 0.0) - >8.0 µg/mL isolated from pus and urine respectively, (2.0 ± 0.6) - > 8.0 µg/mL and (3.0 ± 1.2) - >7.0 µg/mL against P. aeruginosa from pus and urine respectively. Conclusion: The levofloxacin was still susceptible as bacteriostatic against isolates from both body fluids, but not bactericidal towards all isolates.

Acinetobacter species in laboratory mice: species survey and antimicrobial resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 470-477
Author(s):  
Laurentiu Benga ◽  
Andrea T. Feßler ◽  
W. Peter M. Benten ◽  
Eva Engelhardt ◽  
Karl Köhrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Rpob Gene ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Hospital Epidemiology ◽  
Acinetobacter Species ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles ◽  
Very High

The extra-hospital epidemiology of Acinetobacter infections is a subject of debate. In recent years, the prevalence of animal multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections has increased considerably. The goal of the present study was to specify Acinetobacter species isolated from laboratory mice and to test them for their antimicrobial susceptibility. During routine microbiological monitoring of laboratory mice, 12 Acinetobacter spp. were isolated. By means of 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequencing, seven of the isolates were identified as Acinetobacter radioresistens, three isolates belonged to Acinetobacter genomospecies 14BJ, one isolate was classified as Acinetobacter pitii and one as Acinetobacter sp. ANC 4051. The distribution of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values was uniform for 21 of the 23 antimicrobial agents tested, whereas a broad MIC distribution was recorded for tulathromycin and streptomycin. The MIC values recorded were low for the majority of the antibiotics tested. Nevertheless, very high MIC values, which will probably render a therapeutic approach using these substances unsuccessful, were recorded for florfenicol, tiamulin, tilmicosin and cephalothin in most of the isolates. In conclusion, we document colonization of laboratory mice with different Acinetobacter species, displaying similar antibiotic susceptibility profiles, with possible implications in the Acinetobacter epidemiology as well as in the husbandry and experimentation of the colonized animals.

scholarly journals Minimum inhibitory concentration of squid ink Loligo sp. extract on growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
Damajanty H. C. Pangemanan ◽  
Christy Mintjelungan
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Alternative Medicines ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties

Background: Dental caries and periodontal disease can be caused by bacteria that attack hard and soft tissues in the oral cavity like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria One way to prevent infections caused by the bacteria are by using mouthwash. Currently, mouthwash that is widely used is mouthwash containing chlorhexidine, which has side effects in the form of tooth staining when used prolonged. The need for alternative medicines from nature that effectively cope with polymicrobial infections. One of the marine products that has pharmaceutical properties is squid, especially the ink it produces.Methods: This research is a pure experimental study (true experimental design) with a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Squid ink Loligo sp. extract, obtained by extracting squid ink Loligo sp., with maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. This research uses serial dilution method with spectrophotometric testing method.Results: After measuring the turbidity value in each treatment tube, it was found that at a concentration of 1.56% squid ink Loligo sp. extract began to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria.  This is proven because the absorbance value after and before incubation is fixed.Conclusions: The minimum inhibitory concentration of squid ink Loligo sp. extract on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutants at a concentration of 1.56%.

Comparison of the in Vitro Activity of Daptomycin and four other Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococci Associated with CAPD Peritonitis

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-279
Author(s):  
Wendy L. Vaudry ◽  
Claudia Gratton ◽  
Kinga Kowalewska ◽  
Wanda M. Wenman
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of daptomycin was compared with that of four other antimicrobial agents against clinically relevant staphylococci. Sixtyfive isolates were obtained from patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) who contracted peritonitis. These isolates comprised 29 S. Sureus strains (all sensitive to oxacillin); 25 S. epidermidis strains (14 sensitive and 9 resistant to oxacillin); and 11 unspeciated coagulase-negative staphylococci (2 sensitive and 11 resistant to oxacillin). All of the oxacillin susceptible strains were inhibited by ≤2 mg/L of the five antibiotics tested. The oxacillin resistant staphylococci were also resistant to cefuroxime and variably resistant to cefamandole, but were uniformly susceptible to both vancomycin and daptomycin. Daptomycin possesses equivalent in vitro activity to vancomycin against strains of S. Sureus and coagulase negative staphylococci associated with CAPD peritonitis. If vancomycin resistance becomes a significant problem in these patients, and daptomycin is shown to be active against vancomycin resistant organisms, then it would have potential usefulness as an alternative to vancomycin in the treatment of peritonitis caused by multiply -resistant staphylococci.

scholarly journals Comparison of methods for the determination of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. human and the food chain isolates

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
M. Holasova ◽  
R. Karpiskova ◽  
S. Karpiskova ◽  
V. Babak ◽  
J. Schlegelova
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Agar Dilution

With a microdilution method, using the commercial diagnostic test Sensititre Susceptibility Plates for Campylobacter MIC (Trek Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA), disk diffusion and agar dilution method, resistance to six antimicrobial agents were examined in a reference strain <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> ATCC 33560 and 73 thermo-tolerant isolates of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. For the microdilution method and all tested antimicrobial agents, our determined values of microbiological breakpoints of resistant strains were suggested as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC<sub>R</sub>) for ciprofloxacin &ge; 0.5, erythromycin &ge; 4, gentamicin &ge; 4, nalidixic acid &ge; 32 and tetracycline &ge; 4 &mu;g/ml. On the basis of our study results, strains resistant to clindamycin were MIC<sub>R</sub> &ge; 2 &mu;g/ml for the dilution methods and a zone diameter R ≤ 16 mm for the disk diffusion method. Comparison of the results of the resistance examination, a microdilution method and disk diffusion method with the reference agar dilution method, showed that all compared methods yielded identical results with the exception of the resistance determination in erythromycin and nalidixic acid. The errors were mostly the result of the interpretation criteria for MIC<sub>R</sub> of agar dilution method and different conditions of cultivation used. However, the compared methods, provide results comparable with the reference method having greater convenience of measurement.

scholarly journals Characterization of Clinical Isolates ofEnterococciwith Special Reference to Glycopeptide Susceptibility at a Tertiary Care Center of Eastern Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aasish Karna ◽  
Ratna Baral ◽  
Basudha Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Agar Dilution

Background. Enterococci, once considered as a harmless commensal of intestine, have now emerged as medically important pathogens and are associated with both community-acquired and nosocomial infections. They bear the potential to exhibit resistance against all commonly used antibiotics either by inherent or acquired mechanism, posing a therapeutic challenge.Objectives. This study aimed to characterize enterococci up to the species level and study their antibiogram with special regard to vancomycin.Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, from February to May 2017. A total of 91 enterococcal isolates recovered from clinical specimens were investigated in this study. Their identification and speciation were done according to standard microbiological guidelines. Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to study antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, whereas minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin was determined by the agar dilution method, with reference to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results. Seven different species of enterococci were isolated,E. faecalisandE. faeciumaccounting about 45% each. The other species encountered wereE.avium,E.cecorum,E.dispar,E.durans, andE.raffinosus. Highest proportion of antimicrobial susceptibility was recorded for linezolid (97.8%), followed by teicoplanin (95.6%) and high-level gentamicin (81.3%). Sensitivity to vancomycin was seen in 79.1% isolates. Likewise, 82.1% of urinary strains were susceptible to nitrofurantoin. A total of 4 disparities were observed between the disc diffusion technique and agar dilution method in determining vancomycin resistance. Multidrug resistance was observed in 31.9% isolates. The overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci based on the standard minimum inhibitory concentration method was 25.3%.Conclusions.Enterococcus faecalisandE. faeciumwere the predominant species in causing enterococcal infections. The alarming rise in prevalence of vancomycin and multidrug resistance strains warrants immediate, adequate, and efficient surveillance program to prevent and control its spread.

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