Multidrug Resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - Changing Sensitivity Pattern with Resistance to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole - A Retrospective Study from Jaipur, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (26) ◽  
pp. 2339-2343
Author(s):  
Dinesh Kumar Jain ◽  
Yogesh Kumar Gupta ◽  
Parul Sinha ◽  
Sandeep Gupta ◽  
Varunika Vijayvergia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

BACKGROUND Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative bacillus, multidrug resistant (MDR) opportunistic pathogen, which is normally present in hospital surroundings. It has been one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections due to risk factors such as extended intensive care unit (ICU) stays and multiple invasive procedures. In this study we wanted to assess the antibiotic sensitivity pattern with various antimicrobial agents i.e. levofloxacin, minocycline, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, & ticarcillin-clavulanic acid with special focus on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). METHODS In vitro analysis was conducted on 164 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains isolated from blood and respiratory tract from January 2016 to November 2020. Antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), levofloxacin (LVX), ticarcillin - clavulanic acid (TIM), and minocycline (MIN) were performed using Vitek 2, as per clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guideline. RESULTS A total of 164 S. maltophilia were isolated. Out of the 164 S. maltophilia isolates, 26 (16 %) were isolated from blood, 114 (70 %) were isolated from respiratory samples, 20 (12 %) from pus & tissue, and 4 (2 %) from urine. Out of the 164 patients, 130 (80 %) were males and 32 (20 %) were females. Maximum patients were above 50 years of age 93 (56 %) followed by 20 - 50 years 55 (34 %). Out of the 164 patients, 67 (40 %) were admitted to wards, 92 (56 %) were in ICU and 5 (3 %) were seen in out-patient department (OPD). A total of 90 % strains were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Total 91 % strains were sensitive to levofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS S. maltophilia is emerging as a significant nosocomial pathogen, with a growing rate of isolation. Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is still the drug of choice, but resistance to it has been reported. KEYWORDS Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), Levofloxacin

Comparison of the in Vitro Activity of Daptomycin and four other Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococci Associated with CAPD Peritonitis

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-279
Author(s):  
Wendy L. Vaudry ◽  
Claudia Gratton ◽  
Kinga Kowalewska ◽  
Wanda M. Wenman
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of daptomycin was compared with that of four other antimicrobial agents against clinically relevant staphylococci. Sixtyfive isolates were obtained from patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) who contracted peritonitis. These isolates comprised 29 S. Sureus strains (all sensitive to oxacillin); 25 S. epidermidis strains (14 sensitive and 9 resistant to oxacillin); and 11 unspeciated coagulase-negative staphylococci (2 sensitive and 11 resistant to oxacillin). All of the oxacillin susceptible strains were inhibited by ≤2 mg/L of the five antibiotics tested. The oxacillin resistant staphylococci were also resistant to cefuroxime and variably resistant to cefamandole, but were uniformly susceptible to both vancomycin and daptomycin. Daptomycin possesses equivalent in vitro activity to vancomycin against strains of S. Sureus and coagulase negative staphylococci associated with CAPD peritonitis. If vancomycin resistance becomes a significant problem in these patients, and daptomycin is shown to be active against vancomycin resistant organisms, then it would have potential usefulness as an alternative to vancomycin in the treatment of peritonitis caused by multiply -resistant staphylococci.

scholarly journals Activity of solvent extracts of Prosopis spicigera, Zingiber officinale and Trachyspermum ammi against multidrug resistant bacterial and fungal strains

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (05) ◽  
pp. 292-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Khan ◽  
Mohammad Zakir ◽  
Sadul H Afaq ◽  
Abdul Latif ◽  
Asad U Khan
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Trachyspermum Ammi ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Study Results

Background: The emerging trends of multidrug resistance among several groups of microorganisms against different classes of antibiotics led different researchers to develop efficient drugs from plant sources to counter multidrug resistant strains. This study investigated different solvent extracts of Prosopis spicigera (P. Spicigera), Zingiber officinale, and Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) to determine their efficacy against multidrug resistant microbes. Methodology: Successive extractions of these plants were performed using a Soxhlet apparatus, using solvents with increasing polarities. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was also performed .Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by a two-fold serial dilution method followed by determination of minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Escherichia coli and reference strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus bovis were used in the study. Results: The ethanolic fraction of P. spicigera (least minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] - 4.88 µg/ml) demonstrated a remarkable inhibition of the microorganisms while fractions obtained from those of Zingiber officinale (least MIC-78.125 µg/ml) exhibited little activity. The petroleum ether fraction of T. ammi (least MIC- 625 µg/ml) showed best activity when compared to its other fractions. Qualitative analysis of the phytoconstituents was also performed. Conclusions: The potency shown by these extracts recommends their use against multidrug resistant microorganisms. This study also showed that P. spicigera could be a potential source of new antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PINEAPPLE (ANANAS COMOSUS L. MERR) EXTRACT AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: AN IN VITRO STUDY

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmat Sayyid Zharfan ◽  
Priyo Budi Purwono ◽  
Arifa Mustika
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Tract Infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main cause of nosocomial infection which is responsible for 10% of hospital-acquired infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa tends to mutate and displays potential for development of antibiotic resistance. Approximately, 10% of global bacterial isolates are found as Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa have a quite tremendous severity index, especially on pneumonia and urinary tract infections, even sepsis, which 50% mortality rate. Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) has antimicrobial properties. The active antimicrobial compounds in Ananas comosus L. Merr include saponin and bromelain. This research aims to find the potency of antimicrobial effect of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) extract towards Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa specimen is obtained from patient’s pus in orthopaedic department, Dr Soetomo Public Hospital, Surabaya. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa specimen is resistant to all antibiotic agents except cefoperazone-sulbactam. This research is conducted by measuring the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) through dilution test with Mueller-Hinton broth medium. Pineapple extract (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) is dissolved in aquadest, then poured into test tube at varying concentrations (6 g/ml; 3 g/ml; 1.5 g/ml; 0.75 g/ml, 0.375 g/ml; and 0.1875 g/ml). After 24 hours’ incubation, samples are plated onto nutrient agar plate, to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The extract of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) has antimicrobial activities against Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) could not be determined, because turbidity changes were not seen. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of pineapple extract (Ananas comosus L. Merr) to Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 0.75 g/ml. Further study of in vivo is needed.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of Tritrpticin Alone and in Combination with Other Antimicrobial Agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 3923-3925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Cirioni ◽  
Andrea Giacometti ◽  
Carmela Silvestri ◽  
Agnese Della Vittoria ◽  
Alberto Licci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Procoagulant Activity ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
In Vitro Activity

ABSTRACT The in vitro activity of the cathelicidin tritrpticin was investigated against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The isolates were susceptible to the peptide at concentrations of 0.50 to 8 mg/liter. Tritrpticin completely inhibits lipopolysaccharide procoagulant activity at a 10 μM concentration. Fractionary inhibitory concentration indexes (0.385, 0.312, and 0.458) demonstrated synergy between the peptide and β-lactams.

Susceptibility to pleuromutilins inBrachyspira(Serpulina)hyodysenteriae

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Karlsson ◽  
A. Gunnarsson ◽  
A. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Swine Dysentery ◽  
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Serpulina Hyodysenteriae ◽  
Broth Dilution

AbstractThe pleuromutilins are the only antimicrobial agents with sufficient minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values left to treat swine dysentery in Sweden. Other antimicrobials are either not approved for use against swine dysentery or only partly active againstBrachyspira hyodysenteriae. To date, in Sweden two pleuromutilins, tiamulin and valnemulin, are authorized for use in pigs. This study includes a comparison between MICs of tiamulin and valnemulin for Swedish field isolates ofB. hyodysenteriae, as determined by broth dilution. For different isolates the MIC of tiamulin was between 0 and 8 times higher than that of valnemulin. No resistance to pleuromutilins was recorded (tiamulin MIC range 0.031–2 μg/ml, valnemulin MIC range ≤0.016–1 μg/ml).In vitrodevelopment of tiamulin resistance was also studied. TwoB. hyodysenteriaeand twoB. pilosicolistrains became resistant to tiamulin following reiterated passages on agar containing tiamulin in increasing concentrations. The resistance emerged slowly and three of the strains that went through more than 60 passages increased their tiamulin MICs from 0.031–0.25 to more than 128 μg/ml. The tiamulin MIC for oneB. hyodysenteriaestrain that went through 29 passages increased from 0.0125 to 4 μg/ml. OneB. pilosicolistrain developed cross-resistance to valnemulin; the MIC increased from 0.25 to more than 64 μg/ml. The valnemulin MIC for oneB. hyodysenteriaestrain increased from 0.031 μg/ml to 32 μg/ml. Valnemulin MIC was not determined for theB. hyodysenteriaestrain that only went through 29 passages. The valnemulin MIC of the otherB. pilosicolistrain increased from 0.031 to 4 μg/ml.

scholarly journals Cloning of Multidrug-Resistant Genes from Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 NCTC4716

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-139
Author(s):  
Anowara Begum ◽  
Teruo Kuroda ◽  
Tomofusa Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Cloning Method ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
Resistant Strains

Both clinical and environmental multidrug-resistant strains of Vibrio cholerae (O1 and non-O1) have been reported from different parts of the world. In this study, we have cloned twenty-five genes associated drug resistance in Vibrio cholerae non-O1 NCTC4716 using shotgun cloning method. All of the cloned genes were introduced and expressed in a drug hypersusceptible host Escherichia coli KAM32. We observed elevated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of various antimicrobial agents such as fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, ethidium bromide and others in all transformants. Keywords: Vibrio cholerae, Drug resistance, Drug-resistant genes, Cloning, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v23i2.879 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 23, Number 2, December 2006, pp 137-139

scholarly journals Inhibitory Activity of Levofloxacin against MDR Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Lisa Nathalie ◽  
Lindawati Alimsardjono ◽  
Isnaeni Isnaeni
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Concentration ◽  
Important Species ◽  
One Step

Introduction: Staphylococcus  aureus  and  Pseudomonas  aeruginosa  are the most dangerous  and important species among  their genus.  These  bacteria  are often  resistant  to  many  classes  of antimicrobial  agents;  which  make difficulties in selecting appropriate drug to treat infections. Multidrug-resistance occurs readily in hospitals for which antimicrobials  agents  were   used  widely. Objective: The  aims  of  this  study  was  to  determine  minimum  inhibitory concentration  (MIC) and  minimum bacterial  concentration  (MBC) of levofloxacin  against 22 multidrug  resistant- clinical (MDR) strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients pus and urine in hospital. Methods: Determination of the MIC was performed by macro-dilution broth assay as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), while the MBC was determined one-step further after the MIC determination. Results: It was found that MIC of the levofloxacin were (0.3 ± 0.0) - >0.5 µg/mL and (0.2 ± 0.1) - (1.0 ±0.0)µg/mL against S. aureus from pus and urine, respectively.  In addition, higher MICs were yielded against P. aeruginosa, (1.0 ± 0.0) - >8.0 µg/mL and (0.7 ± 0.3) - (3.0 ± 1.2) µg/mL for pus and urine isolates respectively. Similar to MICs, the MBCs against P. aeruginosa were higher than S. aureus, (0.6 ± 0.0) - > 4.0 µg/mL and (0.3 ± 0.0) - >8.0 µg/mL isolated from pus and urine respectively, (2.0 ± 0.6) - > 8.0 µg/mL and (3.0 ± 1.2) - >7.0 µg/mL against P. aeruginosa from pus and urine respectively. Conclusion: The levofloxacin was still susceptible as bacteriostatic against isolates from both body fluids, but not bactericidal towards all isolates.

In Vitro Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Myrsine africana against laboratory Strains of Pathogenic Organisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
pp. 4512
Author(s):  
Jackie K. Obey ◽  
Anthoney Swamy T* ◽  
Lasiti Timothy ◽  
Makani Rachel
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Myrsine Africana

The determination of the antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition) and minimum inhibitory concentration of medicinal plants a crucial step in drug development. In this study, the antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol extract of Myrsine africana were determined for Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The zones of inhibition (mm±S.E) of 500mg/ml of M. africana ethanol extract were 22.00± 0.00 for E. coli,20.33 ±0.33 for B. cereus,25.00± 0.00 for S. epidermidis and 18. 17±0.17 for S. pneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) is the minimum dose required to inhibit growth a microorganism. Upon further double dilution of the 500mg/ml of M. africana extract, MIC was obtained for each organism. The MIC for E. coli, B. cereus, S. epidermidis and S. pneumoniae were 7.81mg/ml, 7.81mg/ml, 15.63mg/ml and 15.63mg/ml respectively. Crude extracts are considered active when they inhibit microorganisms with zones of inhibition of 8mm and above. Therefore, this study has shown that the ethanol extract of M. africana can control the growth of the four organisms tested.

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