scholarly journals Serological evidence of West Nile virus infection in the horse population of northern Serbia

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (07) ◽  
pp. 914-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Strahinja Medić ◽  
Rene Van den Hoven ◽  
Tamaš Petrović ◽  
Diana Lupulović ◽  
Norbert Nowotny
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Manuscript Preparation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Horse Population ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Elisa ◽  
Lineage 2

Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the seroprevalence of West Nile virus (WNV) in the horse population of northern Serbia. Furthermore, it aimed to provide insight and an updated overview on the circulation of this re-emerging pathogen in this part of southeastern Europe. At the time of manuscript preparation, no clinical cases of WNV infection in horses were reported in this area. Methodology: Between 2007 and 2011, a total of 252 equine serum samples were collected from seven different locations in northern Serbia. The presence of WNV-reactive IgG antibodies was examined by using commercial and in-house ELISAs. Selected ELISA-positive samples were re-tested by a WNV lineage 2 plaque reduction neutralization test 90% (PRNT-90). Results: In 28.6% of the 252 tested equine serum samples antibodies against WNV were detected. The results obtained with the in-house ELISA corresponded to the outcome of the commercial kit in 90% of the samples. All selected WNV antibody ELISA-positive samples were confirmed by PRNT-90 with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:23 to > 1:512. Conclusion: This study confirms the circulation of WNV in northern Serbia. No striking regional differences in seroprevalences were identified suggesting WNV circulation also in other parts of Serbia. Distances between wetlands or forests and stud farms do not appear to have an influence on WNV seroprevalence.

scholarly journals Use of a Surrogate Chimeric Virus To Detect West Nile Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Avian and Equine Sera

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Komar ◽  
Stanley Langevin ◽  
Thomas P. Monath
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus West Nile ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Biosafety Level

ABSTRACT A chimeric yellow fever virus/West Nile virus (WNV) was compared to WNV alone as a biosafety level 2 reagent in the plaque reduction neutralization test for determining WNV infection histories. Concordance was 96.3% among 188 avian and equine serum samples. Neutralizing antibody titers were frequently more than twofold lower with the chimera.

Is West Nile Virus infection associated with myasthenia gravis?

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Fatma Aybala Altay ◽  
Hayat Güven ◽  
Gönül Çiçek Şentürk ◽  
Sevgi Ferik ◽  
İrfan Şencan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Myasthenia Gravis ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Positive Results

Background Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease which is characterised by disruption of signal transmission at neuromuscular junction. We aimed to search about a newly reported association between MG and West Nile Virus (WNV) infection. Methods We searched WNV IgG by ELISA in serum samples of 50 available MG patients and 38 controls. Results None of the samples gave positive results for past WNV infection. Conclusion No evidence of past WNV infection was found in our study population of MG patients. This may have been because MG has been showed to be related with neuroinvasive WNV, which none of our study subjects seem to have had based on their stories. New multicentre studies focusing on immunological mechanisms and held with larger groups or especially neuroinvasive disease patients can cast light onto the answer of this question.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on the Prevalence of West Nile Virus Antibody among Horses, Donkeys and Camels in Borno State, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saka Saheed Baba ◽  
Obinna Damian NNnadi ◽  
Kenas Dunama Hamman ◽  
Awal Saidu ◽  
Abduldahiru El Yuguda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preliminary Study

<p>In spite of several serological evidences for the presence of West Nile (WN) virus in Nigeria, the host range of the virus is not fully understood. In this study, the prevalence of the WN virus antibody was determined among horse, donkey and camel populations in Borno state, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty serum samples comprising of 96 sera from each of horses and camels and 58 from donkeys were tested for presence of WN virus neutralizing antibody. An overall prevalence of WN virus neutralizing antibody of 13.2% was noted in the population of animals tested.  Significant difference (P≤0.05) in prevalence was observed between the animals tested. Highest prevalence (17.7%) was noted in camels followed by horses (11.5%) and donkeys (8.6%). The results of this study confirmed the prevalence of WV virus antibody in camels in Nigeria and represented the first serosurvey for WN virus activities among horses and donkeys in this part of the country. There is considerable activity of the virus in the study area and provided evidence for the potential roles this group of animals could play in the epidemiology of WN virus infection in Nigeria.</p>

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors of West Nile virus infection in veterinarians and horses in Northern Palestine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1241-1245
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alzuheir ◽  
Adnan Fayyad ◽  
Nasr Jalboush ◽  
Rosemary Abdallah ◽  
Sameeh Abutarbush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
And Control

Background and Aim: West Nile fever (WNF) is a neurotropic, mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domesticated animals, caused by a member of the genus Flavivirus. Over the last decades, this virus has been responsible for several cases of illness in humans and animals. The current epidemiological status of WNF in horses is insufficient, and in veterinarians, as an occupational hazard is unknown. This study aimed to investigate and determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for WNF in veterinarians and horses in Palestine. Materials and Methods: In this study, serum samples from 100 veterinarians and 87 horses were collected between August 2020 and September 2020 from different cities of Northern Palestine. West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Our results showed that 60.9% of the horse serum samples were positive in all investigated cities. In horses, location is a risk factor for the seropositivity for WNF, whereas age, sex, breed, and intended use of the horses, were not associated with increased WNF seropositivity. In veterinarians, 23.0% of the serum samples were positive. Positive samples were detected in all locations, age groups, experience length, and work sectors. However, the seropositivity for WNF was not influenced by these variables. Conclusion: The results revealed that WNV circulates in most regions of Palestine. Our results will help determine the risk of infection in animals and humans and control WNV transmission. Surveillance studies on humans, vectors, and animals are needed to better define endemic areas.

scholarly journals Autochthonous West Nile virus infection outbreak in humans, Leipzig, Germany, August to September 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Pietsch ◽  
Dominik Michalski ◽  
Johannes Münch ◽  
Sirak Petros ◽  
Sandra Bergs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
Seasonal Circulation

Following a distinct summer heat wave, nine autochthonous cases of West Nile fever and West Nile neuroinvasive disease, including one fatality, were observed in Leipzig, Germany, in August and September 2020. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated close relationships in viruses from humans, animals and mosquitos in eastern Germany, obtained during the preceding 2 years. The described large cluster of autochthonous West Nile virus infections in Germany indicates endemic seasonal circulation of lineage 2 viruses in the area.

scholarly journals Imported Human West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Infection in Spain: Neurological and Gastrointestinal Complications

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Velasco ◽  
María Paz Sánchez-Seco ◽  
Carolina Campelo ◽  
Fernando de Ory ◽  
Oriol Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Human Case ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complications ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
Alithiasic Cholecystitis

We report the first human case of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 infection imported to Spain by a traveler returning from Romania. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine samples were analyzed and West Nile virus infection was identified by PCR and serological tests. The patient developed fever, diarrhea and neurological symptoms, accompanied by mild pancreatitis, described previously in very few cases as a complication of WNV infection and by alithiasic cholecystitis. Viral RNA was detected in urine until 30 days after the onset of symptoms and neutralizing antibodies were detected at very low titers. The phylogenetic analysis in a fragment of the NS5 gene of the virus showed a homology with sequences from WNV lineage 2 belonging to the monophyletic Central/Southern European group.

scholarly journals Significance of IgG avidity test in diagnosis of west Nile virus infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 395-401
Author(s):  
Ivana Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic ◽  
Jelena Radovanov ◽  
Gordana Kovacevic ◽  
Aleksandra Patic ◽  
Natasa Nikolic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Igm Antibodies ◽  
Igg Avidity

Introduction. Serological tests appear to be the method of choice for establishing the diagnosis in the late phase of West Nile virus infection. Long persistence of IgM antibodies against West Nile virus is described and may be a problem for determination of the time of acquisition of West Nile virus infection. The aim of the study was to estimate the significance of IgG avidity determination in establishing the diagnosis of West Nile virus infection. Material and Methods. In a study 56 serum samples seropositive against West Nile virus were included. 24 serum samples were collected in 2012 from healthy residents of South-Backa district and 32 serum samples were collected in 2014 from 124 patients suspected of having West Nile virus infection. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent tests were used for the detection of West Nile virus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies and IgG avidity. Results. Out of 124 patients suspected of having West Nile virus infection, 32 (25.8%) were seropositive for West Nile virus antibodies. Acute infection was laboratory confirmed in 15 (46.9%) cases. All patients with acute infection were West Nile virus IgM positive, 13 (85%) were West Nile virus IgG positive, and 2 (15%) had a borderline result for West Nile virus IgG antibodies. Out of 32 seropositive patients the presence of IgM antibodies was determined in 22 (68.7%). In a group of samples with high IgG avidity values, 6 were IgM positive, while 8 were IgM negative. Conclusion. West Nile virus IgM and IgG antibody serological assays alone are not sufficient for the accurate and reliable diagnosis of WNV infection. West Nile virus IgG avidity testing is necessary to ensure the differential diagnosis of acute from past West Nile virus infection.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in the Italian Tuscany Region from 2016 to 2019

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 844
Author(s):  
Serena Marchi ◽  
Emanuele Montomoli ◽  
Simonetta Viviani ◽  
Simone Giannecchini ◽  
Maria A. Stincarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Italian Region ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Prevalence ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

Although in humans West Nile virus is mainly the cause of mild or sub-clinical infections, in some cases a neuroinvasive disease may occur predominantly in the elderly. In Italy, several cases of West Nile virus infection are reported every year. Tuscany was the first Italian region where the virus was identified; however, to date only two cases of infection have been reported in humans. This study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of antibodies against West Nile virus in the area of Siena Province to estimate the recent circulation of the virus. Human serum samples collected in Siena between 2016 and 2019 were tested for the presence of antibodies against West Nile virus by ELISA. ELISA positive samples were further evaluated using immunofluorescence, micro neutralization, and plaque reduction neutralization assays. In total, 1.9% (95% CI 1.2–3.1) and 1.4% (95% CI 0.8–2.4) of samples collected in 2016–2017 were positive by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. Neutralizing antibodies were found in 0.7% (95% CI 0.3–1.5) of samples. Additionally, 0.9% (95% CI 0.4–1.7) and 0.65% (95% CI 0.3–1.45) of samples collected in 2018–2019 were positive by ELISA and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was 0.5% (95% CI 0.2–1.3). Although no human cases of West Nile infection were reported in the area between 2016 and 2019 and virus prevalence in the area of Siena Province was as low as less than 1%, the active asymptomatic circulation confirms the potential concern of this emergent virus for human health.

scholarly journals Antiviral Cytokine Response in Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej ◽  
Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek ◽  
Ljubo Barbic ◽  
Maja Ilic ◽  
Vladimir Savic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Th17 Cytokines ◽  
Ifn Γ

Data on the immune response to West Nile virus (WNV) are limited. We analyzed the antiviral cytokine response in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with WNV fever and WNV neuroinvasive disease using a multiplex bead-based assay for the simultaneous quantification of 13 human cytokines. The panel included cytokines associated with innate and early pro-inflammatory immune responses (TNF-α/IL-6), Th1 (IL-2/IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4/IL-5/IL-9/IL-13), Th17 immune response (IL-17A/IL-17F/IL-21/IL-22) and the key anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Elevated levels of IFN-γ were detected in 71.7% of CSF and 22.7% of serum samples (p = 0.003). Expression of IL-2/IL-4/TNF-α and Th1 17 cytokines (IL-17A/IL-17F/IL-21) was detected in the serum but not in the CSF (except one positive CSF sample for IL-17F/IL-4). While IL-6 levels were markedly higher in the CSF compared to serum (CSF median 2036.71, IQR 213.82–6190.50; serum median 24.48, IQR 11.93–49.81; p < 0.001), no difference in the IL-13/IL-9/IL-10/IFN-γ/IL-22 levels in serum/CSF was found. In conclusion, increased concentrations of the key cytokines associated with innate and early acute phase responses (IL-6) and Th1 type immune responses (IFN-γ) were found in the CNS of patients with WNV infection. In contrast, expression of the key T-cell growth factor IL-2, Th17 cytokines, a Th2 cytokine IL-4 and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α appear to be concentrated mainly in the periphery.

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