scholarly journals Imported Human West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Infection in Spain: Neurological and Gastrointestinal Complications

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Velasco ◽  
María Paz Sánchez-Seco ◽  
Carolina Campelo ◽  
Fernando de Ory ◽  
Oriol Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Human Case ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complications ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
Alithiasic Cholecystitis

We report the first human case of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 infection imported to Spain by a traveler returning from Romania. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine samples were analyzed and West Nile virus infection was identified by PCR and serological tests. The patient developed fever, diarrhea and neurological symptoms, accompanied by mild pancreatitis, described previously in very few cases as a complication of WNV infection and by alithiasic cholecystitis. Viral RNA was detected in urine until 30 days after the onset of symptoms and neutralizing antibodies were detected at very low titers. The phylogenetic analysis in a fragment of the NS5 gene of the virus showed a homology with sequences from WNV lineage 2 belonging to the monophyletic Central/Southern European group.

scholarly journals Human West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Infection: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Virological Findings

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
Alessandro Sinigaglia ◽  
Elisa Franchin ◽  
Silvana Pagni ◽  
Enrico Lavezzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Lineage 2

West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 is expanding and causing large outbreaks in Europe. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological, clinical, and virological features of WNV lineage 2 infection during the large outbreak that occurred in northern Italy in 2018. The study population included 86 patients with neuroinvasive disease (WNND), 307 with fever (WNF), and 34 blood donors. Phylogenetic analysis of WNV full genome sequences from patients’ samples showed that the virus belonged to the widespread central/southern European clade of WNV lineage 2 and was circulating in the area at least since 2014. The incidence of WNND and WNF progressively increased with age and was higher in males than in females. Among WNND patients, the case fatality rate was 22%. About 70% of blood donors reported symptoms during follow-up. Within the first week after symptom onset, WNV RNA was detectable in the blood or urine of 80% of patients, while 20% and 40% of WNND and WNF patients, respectively, were WNV IgM-seronegative. In CSF samples of WNND patients, WNV RNA was typically detectable when WNV IgM antibodies were absent. Blunted or no WNV IgM response and high WNV IgG levels were observed in seven patients with previous flavivirus immunity.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Outcomes of Human West Nile Virus Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1617-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hughes ◽  
M. E. Wilson ◽  
J. J. Sejvar
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Human West Nile Virus

scholarly journals Serological evidence of West Nile Virus infection among humans in the southern Provinces of Morocco

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 999-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hicham El Rhaffouli ◽  
Idriss Lahlou-Amine ◽  
Chafiqua Loutfi ◽  
Abdellilah Laraqui ◽  
Tahar Bajjou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Serological Evidence ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Specific Antibodies

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of West Nile Virus infection in the southern provinces of Morocco. Methodology: A total of 250 sera, collected during 2012 in the province of Dakhla, were analyzed by microneutralisation assay. Results: WNV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in 13 samples (5.2%). The participants with WNV-specific antibodies were significantly younger than the rest of the population (p = 0.009). The positivity rate was higher among women (6.3%) than men (3.6%) (p = 0.26). Conclusions: This is the first serological evidence of WNV infection among humans in the southern provinces of Morocco.

scholarly journals Emergence of human West Nile Virus infection in Sri Lanka

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janarthani Lohitharajah ◽  
Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige ◽  
Anthony Jin Shun Chua ◽  
Mah Lee Ng ◽  
Carukshi Arambepola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Human West Nile Virus

scholarly journals Seasonal temperatures and hydrological conditions improve the prediction of West Nile virus infection rates in Culex mosquitoes and human case counts in New York and Connecticut

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e0217854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Keyel ◽  
Oliver Elison Timm ◽  
P. Bryon Backenson ◽  
Catharine Prussing ◽  
Sarah Quinones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Culex Mosquitoes ◽  
Hydrological Conditions

scholarly journals Serological evidence of West Nile virus infection in the horse population of northern Serbia

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (07) ◽  
pp. 914-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Strahinja Medić ◽  
Rene Van den Hoven ◽  
Tamaš Petrović ◽  
Diana Lupulović ◽  
Norbert Nowotny
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Manuscript Preparation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Horse Population ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Elisa ◽  
Lineage 2

Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the seroprevalence of West Nile virus (WNV) in the horse population of northern Serbia. Furthermore, it aimed to provide insight and an updated overview on the circulation of this re-emerging pathogen in this part of southeastern Europe. At the time of manuscript preparation, no clinical cases of WNV infection in horses were reported in this area. Methodology: Between 2007 and 2011, a total of 252 equine serum samples were collected from seven different locations in northern Serbia. The presence of WNV-reactive IgG antibodies was examined by using commercial and in-house ELISAs. Selected ELISA-positive samples were re-tested by a WNV lineage 2 plaque reduction neutralization test 90% (PRNT-90). Results: In 28.6% of the 252 tested equine serum samples antibodies against WNV were detected. The results obtained with the in-house ELISA corresponded to the outcome of the commercial kit in 90% of the samples. All selected WNV antibody ELISA-positive samples were confirmed by PRNT-90 with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:23 to > 1:512. Conclusion: This study confirms the circulation of WNV in northern Serbia. No striking regional differences in seroprevalences were identified suggesting WNV circulation also in other parts of Serbia. Distances between wetlands or forests and stud farms do not appear to have an influence on WNV seroprevalence.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cross-Protection of a Lineage 1 West Nile Virus Inactivated Vaccine against Natural Infections from a Virulent Lineage 2 Strain in Horses, under Field Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serafeim C. Chaintoutis ◽  
Nikolaos Diakakis ◽  
Maria Papanastassopoulou ◽  
Georgios Banos ◽  
Chrysostomos I. Dovas
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
The Cross

ABSTRACTAlthough experimental data regarding cross-protection of horse West Nile virus (WNV) vaccines against lineage 2 infections exist, the cross-protective efficacy of these vaccines under field conditions has not been demonstrated. This study was conducted to evaluate the capability of an inactivated lineage 1 vaccine (Equip WNV) to protect against natural infections from the Nea Santa-Greece-2010 lineage 2 strain. In total, 185 WNV-seronegative horses in Thessaloniki, Greece, were selected during 2 consecutive years (2011 and 2012); 140 were immunized, and 45 were used as controls. Horses were examined for signs compatible with WNV infection. Neutralizing antibody titers against the Greek strain and the PaAn001/France lineage 1 strain were determined in immunized horses. WNV circulation was detected during both years in the study area. It was estimated that 37% and 27% of the horses were infected during 2011 and 2012, respectively. Three control animals developed clinical signs, and the WNV diagnosis was confirmed. Signs related to WNV infection were not observed in the vaccinated animals. The nonvaccinated animals had a 7.58% ± 1.82% higher chance of exhibiting signs than immunized animals (P< 0.05). Neutralizing antibodies raised against both strains in all immunized horses were detectable 1 month after the initial vaccination course. The cross-protective capacity of the lowest titer (1:40) was evident in 19 animals which were subsequently infected and did not exhibit signs. Neutralizing antibodies were detectable until the annual booster, when strong anamnestic responses were observed (geometrical mean titer ratio [GMTR] for lineage 1 of 30.2; GMTR for lineage 2 of 27.5). The results indicate that Equip WNV is capable of inducing cross-protection against natural infections from a virulent lineage 2 WNV strain in horses.

Latest developments and challenges in the diagnosis of human West Nile virus infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Barzon ◽  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
Sebastian Ulbert ◽  
Giorgio Palù
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Human West Nile Virus
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