scholarly journals Amplification of mecA gene in multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from hospital personnel

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (03) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asad U. Khan ◽  
Ayesha Sultan ◽  
Anju Tyagi ◽  
Shazia Zahoor ◽  
Mohd Akram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
North India ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Hospital Personnel ◽  
Inoculation Test ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Background: Antibiotic resistance is common among bacterial pathogens associated with both community acquired and nosocomial infections. In view of the present problem of drug resistance we investigated the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and amplified the mecA gene in the isolates from the hand swabs of the hospital personnel. Methodology: The nuc gene was amplified to characterize these isolates at species level. The S. aureus isolates were analyzed for their susceptibility to different classes of antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. The spot inoculation test was performed to detect methicillinase production in these isolates. Results: In the screened isolates of S. aureus, 14.2 and 15 kb of plasmids were present. These isolates showed pronounced resistance against β-lactam antibiotics including second- and third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides and fluoroquinolone. Some of the isolates included in this study were resistant to three or more antibiotics. Expression of methicillinase was detected by spot inoculation test, and a few of the isolates were found to produce methicillinase. Moreover, mecA gene was also amplified. Of 17 isolates only 7 showed presence of mecA gene. Conclusion: This study highlights the emerging trend of multiple drug resistance in S. aureus strains isolated from hospital personnel working in a premier hospital in North India.

scholarly journals The Bacteriological Quality, Safety, and Antibiogram ofSalmonellaIsolates from Fresh Meat in Retail Shops of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melkamnesh Azage ◽  
Mulugeta Kibret
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Fresh Meat

The habit of raw meat consumption in addition to the poor hygienic standards and lack of knowledge contribute to food-borne diseases outbreaks. The objective of this research was to assess the bacterial quality and safety of fresh meat from retail Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. A total of 30 fresh meat samples were collected from butcher shops. Standard bacteriological methods were used to isolate and enumerate bacteria. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing ofSalmonellaisolates. The mean counts of AMB, TC, andS. aureuswere log104.53, 3.97, and 3.88 log10cfu/g, respectively.Salmonellawas isolated from 21 (70%) of the samples.Salmonellaisolates in this study were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and norfloxacin while they were resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline. High rate of multiple drug resistance was also noticed inSalmonellaisolates. The microbial loads of meat were above the recommended microbial safety limits. Besides this, the isolation rate ofSalmonellawas high and high levels of drug resistance were documented forSalmonellaisolates. Measures on handling and appropriate personal hygiene practices of workers in the retail shops are recommended to reduce the change of forborne disease outbreaks.

scholarly journals Isolation, Molecular Identification and Multidrug Resistance Profiling of Bacteria Causing Clinical Mastitis in Cows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Vatalia ◽  
B.B. Bhanderi ◽  
V.R. Nimavat ◽  
M.K. Jhala
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Background: Mastitis, the inflammation of parenchyma of mammary gland is frequently considered to be costliest and complex disease prevalent in India. Mastitis is caused by pathogens like Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Mycoplasma bovis, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp. and Entercoccus. The treatment of mastitis in animals is carried out using antibiotics. Treatment failure in mastitis is due to increased antibiotic resistance of mastitis pathogens and also due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics without testing in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test against causal organisms. In comparison to cultural method, PCR assays takes less time for detection of bacteria from the mastitis milk samples. Present research work was carried out regarding isolation, identification and multiple drug resistance profile of clinical bovine mastitis associated pathogens using conventional as well as molecular approach. Methods: In the present study, 73 mastitis milk samples were collected from Anand and Panchmahal district of Gujarat. The milk samples were subjected for cultural isolation and DNA extraction for identification of bacteria by cultural and PCR method. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolates were carried by disc diffusion method and isolates were categorized in multiple drug resistant. Result: In the present study, Out of 73 mastitis milk samples collected from cows 48 (65.75%) cows were positive for bacterial isolation and S. aureus was the most predominant bacterial species. PCR from the mastitis milk additionally detected bacteria in culturally negative milk samples. Most sensitive drug was gentamicin and most of the isolates (90.19%) showed the multiple drug resistance for the two to nine drugs with 0.1 to 0.6 multiple antibiotic resistance index.

Evaluation of antibiotic resistance pattern and mecA gene frequency in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains collected from clinical specimens in Marand hospital and treatment centers, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Jafari-Sales ◽  
Zahra Sadeghi Deylamdeh ◽  
Afsoon Shariat
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of infections and as a multivalent pathogen is one of the causative agents of nosocomial and community infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from patients in hospitals and medical centers in Marand city and also to evaluate the presence of mecA gene. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 385 samples of S. aureus were collected from different clinical samples of patients in hospitals and medical centers of Marand city. S. aureus was identified using standard biochemical methods.  Methicillin resistance was determined by disk diffusion method in the presence of oxacillin and cefoxitin. The pattern of antibiotic resistance of the strains was determined by disk diffusion method and according to CLSI recommendation and also PCR method was used to evaluate the frequency of MecA gene. Results: In the present study, out of 385 samples of S. aureus, 215 (55.84%) samples were methicillin resistant. PCR results for mecA gene showed that 110 samples had mecA gene.  The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against penicillin (100%) and erythromycin (83.63%). Most MRSA were isolated from urine and wound samples. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant species and also the increase in antibiotic resistance of MRSA to various antibiotics.  Therefore, in order to prevent increased resistance to other antibiotics, it is recommended to avoid inappropriate use of antibiotics.

MRSA REMAINS A GREAT PRIORITY DUE TO THE TREMENDOUS MORTALITY --- A BIRD'S EYE VIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Raghavendra Rao M. V ◽  
Mubasheer Ali ◽  
Yogendra Kumar Verma ◽  
Dilip Mathai ◽  
Tina Priscilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Benzyl Penicillin ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is difcult to treat with methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and other commonly used antibiotics because of its resistance. Staphylococcus organisms rapidly develop drug resistance as many as 50% of the domiciliary and 80% of the hospital strains are now penicillin resistant. Staphylococcus aureus also show multiple drug resistance. Therefore, Staphylococcal isolates should always be tested for antimicrobial sensitivity and chronic infection should be treated by more than one drug. Before 1960,when methicillin, is the rst penicillin's-resistant penicillin's, was brought into use, about 1%of the strains of the Staphylococcus aureus were "methicillin resistant" and by 1970 in Britain their proportion has risen to about 5%.These strains are tolerant of, low therapeutic concentrations of methicillin, cloxacillin, benzyl penicillin and ampicillin.They do not destroy methicillin and cloxacillin, but most of them are penicillinase-producing as well as being "methicillin resistant" and therefore inactivate benzyl penicillin and ampicillin. Its resistance is uncertain since infections may be cured with a high dose of methicillin.

scholarly journals Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Septicemic Neonates with Special Reference to Extended Spectrum β-lactamase, AmpC, Metallo β-lactamase Production and Multiple Drug Resistance in Tertiary Care Hospital

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 032-037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivali V Gajul ◽  
Shivajirao T Mohite ◽  
Smita S Mangalgi ◽  
Sanjay M Wavare ◽  
Satish V Kakade
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Neonatal Septicemia ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Disk Method

ABSTRACT Background: β-lactamases viz., extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC, and metallo β-lactamase (MBL) production in Klebsiella pneumoniae has led to a serious concern about septicemic neonates in Neonatal Intensive Care Units due to high resistance against commonly used antimicrobials Purpose:To study the prevalence of ESBL, AmpC, and MBL production in K. pneumoniae isolates in neonatal septicemia, to check antimicrobial susceptibility to various drugs including tigecycline; and to assess burden of multiple drug resistance (MDR). Materials and Methods: Total 24 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae isolated from 318 blood samples of suspected cases of neonatal septicemia were studied. Isolates were screened for ESBL, AmpC, and MBL production by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) disk method, AmpC cefoxitin screen, and imipenem, meropenem, ceftazidime disk screen respectively; and confirmation was done by CLSI phenotypic disk confirmatory test, AmpC sterile disk method, and imipenem ethylenediamine tetracetic acid double disk synergy test respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method. Efficacy of tigecycline was evaluated using United States Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Results: Of the 24 K. pneumoniae isolates, co-production of AmpC + MBL was found in more number of isolates (67%) (P < 0.0001) compared to single enzyme production (ESBL and MBL 8% both, AmpC 12.5%). Rate of resistance for penicillins and cephalosporins was highest. Susceptibility was more for imipenem, co-trimoxazole, and meropenem. Nonsusceptibility to tigecycline was low (21%). A total of 23 (96%) isolates were MDR. Conclusions: Routine detection of ESBL, AmpC, and MBL is required in laboratories. Carbapenems should be kept as a last resort drugs. Trend of tigecycline susceptibility has been noted in the study. Continued monitoring of susceptibility pattern is necessary to detect true burden of resistance for proper management.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Antibiotic Efflux in Bacteria by the Novel Multidrug Resistance Inhibitors Biricodar (VX-710) and Timcodar (VX-853)

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 4171-4176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Mullin ◽  
Nagraj Mani ◽  
Trudy H. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Activity ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Multidrug Efflux ◽  
New Class ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Antibiotic Efflux

ABSTRACT Inhibitors of mammalian multidrug efflux, such as the plant alkaloid reserpine, are also active in potentiating antibiotic activity by inhibiting bacterial efflux. Based on this precedent, two novel mammalian multiple drug resistance inhibitors, biricodar (VX-710) and timcodar (VX-853), were evaluated for activity in a variety of bacteria. Both VX-710 and VX-853 potentiated the activity of ethidium bromide (EtBr), a model efflux substrate, against three clinically significant gram-positive pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Similar to reserpine, VX-710 and VX-853 directly blocked EtBr efflux in S. aureus. Furthermore, these compounds were effective in lowering the MICs of several clinically used antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, suggesting that VX-710 and VX-853 are representatives of a new class of bacterial efflux inhibitors with the potential for use in combination therapy.

scholarly journals oprD Genes Detected in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from a Teaching Hospital but Lost in a Carbapenem-Resistant Strain

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eucharia E. Nmema ◽  
Chioma S. Osuagwu ◽  
Eunice N. Anaele
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

Aims: The aims of the study were to evaluate the multidrug resistance profile and mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Study Design: A descriptive laboratory based study. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Laboratory, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, and Biotechnology Laboratory, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria, between June 2017 and November 2018. Methodology: Ten P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from patients at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, and susceptibilities to imipenem (10 µg), meropenem (10 µg) and a panel of antibiotics were performed by the disk diffusion method. Genotypic methods including Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis were carried out according to established protocols. oprD and blaIMP gene primers were used for the PCR amplification. Results: Fifty percent (50%) of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance. Four isolates (40%) were carbapenem resistant (CR). oprD gene was detectedin 90% (9/10) of the isolates. 75% (3/4) of CR strains were among the strains showing oprD gene. 25% (1/4) CR strain (PA1421) was oprD negative. Loss or mutation of oprD gene seems to be the mechanism of carbapenem resistance in strain PA1421. Conclusion: Loss or mutation of oprD gene was identified in this study as a mechanism of carbapenem resistance. oprD gene encodes the outer membrane protein (OprD) porin in P. aeruginosa whose deficiency confers resistance to carbapenems, especially imipenem. Surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of P. aeruginosa is of critical importance in understanding new and emerging resistance trends, reviewing antibiotic policies and informing therapeutic options.

scholarly journals Emergence of Staphylococcus aureus Carrying Multiple Drug Resistance Genes on a Plasmid Encoding Exfoliative Toxin B

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 6131-6140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junzo Hisatsune ◽  
Hideki Hirakawa ◽  
Takayuki Yamaguchi ◽  
Yasuyuki Fudaba ◽  
Kenshiro Oshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Toxin B ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Exfoliative Toxin

ABSTRACTWe report the complete nucleotide sequence and analysis of pETBTY825, aStaphylococcus aureusTY825 plasmid encoding exfoliative toxin B (ETB).S. aureusTY825 is a clinical isolate obtained from an impetigo patient in 2002. The size of pETBTY825, 60.6 kbp, was unexpectedly larger than that of the archetype pETBTY4(∼30 kbp). Genomic comparison of the plasmids shows that pETBTY825has the archetype pETBTY4as the backbone and has a single large extra DNA region of 22.4 kbp. The extra DNA region contains genes for resistance to aminoglycoside [aac(6′)/aph(2″)], macrolide (msrA), and penicillin (blaZ). A plasmid deletion experiment indicated that these three resistance elements were functionally active. We retrospectively examined the resistance profile of the clinical ETB-producingS. aureusstrains isolated in 1977 to 2007 using a MIC determination with gentamicin (GM), arbekacin (ABK), and erythromycin (EM) and by PCR analyses foraac(6′)/aph(2″) andmsrAusing purified plasmid preparations. The ETB-producingS. aureusstrains began to display high resistance to GM, which was parallel with the detection ofaac(6′)/aph(2″) andmecA, after 1990. Conversely, there was no significant change in the ABK MIC during the testing period, although it had a tendency to slightly increase. After 2001, isolates resistant to EM significantly increased; however,msrAwas hardly detected in ETB-producingS. aureusstrains, and only five isolates were positive for bothaac(6′)/aph(2″) andmsrA. In this study, we report the emergence of a fusion plasmid carrying the toxin geneetband drug resistance genes. Prevalence of the pETBTY825carrier may further increase the clinical threat, since ETB-producingS. aureusis closely related to more severe impetigo or staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS), which requires a general antimicrobial treatment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document