scholarly journals Epidemiological study of shigellosis in an urban area of Argentina

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 324-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florencia Rolfo ◽  
Gustavo Horacio Marin ◽  
Martin Silberman ◽  
Jorgelina Pattin ◽  
Silvina Giugnio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Bloody Diarrhoea ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
The Public ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Stool Samples

Introduction: Shigellosis represents one of the main causes of bloody diarrhoea in South America. This study aimed to establish the incidence of shigellosis in an urban zone of Buenos Aires, Argentina, by examining the type of Shigella and living conditions associated with this infection. Methodology: Between January 2009 and December 2010 we analyzed shigellosis in children admitted to the public health service with bloody diarrhoea from La Plata, the capital of Buenos Aires, Argentina. A total of 372 children under 15 years old with Shigella present in their stool samples were admitted to the study. Variables studied were patient age, type of Shigella, family economic status, and access to sewage services and safe drinking water. Results: Shigella flexneri was found to be present in 66.8% of the cases. Incidence was 187 cases/year/100,000 children under 15 years old. Cases were mainly observed during the summer (38.5%) in the population of under 5 years old (69.1% of all cases). The risk of shigellosis increased 12 times in those children who lacked safe drinking water and this risk increased 1.5 times in the population without sewage services. Fewer cases of shigellosis were noted in downtown areas, while hot spots were identified in the suburbs. Treating one case of shigellosis has a local cost of US $976 while assuring safe drinking water and sewage services for one family costs US $634.  Conclusion: Incidence of shigellosis in urban areas is associated with quality of water and sewage services. Policies aimed at providing education and improving public utilities networks can help to reduce the incidence of shigellosis.

Waterborne norovirus outbreak in a municipal drinking-water supply in Sweden

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (12) ◽  
pp. 1928-1935 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. RIERA-MONTES ◽  
K. BRUS SJÖLANDER ◽  
G. ALLESTAM ◽  
E. HALLIN ◽  
K.-O. HEDLUND ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Public Network ◽  
The Public ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Stool Samples

SUMMARYDuring Easter 2009, almost 200 people resident in a small Swedish village fell ill with gastrointestinal symptoms. We conducted a retrospective cohort study and a molecular investigation in order to identify the source of the outbreak. Residents living in households connected to the public water network were at an increased risk of developing disease (relative risk 4·80, 95% confidence interval 1·68–13·73) compared to those with no connection to the public network. Norovirus genotype GI.3 was identified in stool samples from six patients and in a sample from the public water network. Contamination of one of the wells supplying the public water network was thought to be the source of the outbreak. This is a description of a norovirus outbreak linked to a municipal drinking-water supply in Sweden. Information from epidemiological and molecular investigations is of utmost importance to guide outbreak control measures and to prevent future outbreaks.

scholarly journals AQUIFER CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DISTRICT DERA GHAZI KHAN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Waqas Shafiq ◽  
Hadayat Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Zaheer ◽  
Mubashir Mehmood ◽  
Umer Farooq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Groundwater Pollution ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Aquifer Characterization ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Salt Flats

The study area is located in the arid section of Punjab province, Pakistan. The accessibility of freshwater is the main problem in this area. The area is mainly flat and alluvial deposits are present down to 800 m. The groundwater is not fit for drinking because of its salinity. Hence, it is essential to mark the transition between fresh water and saltwater. Resistivity models were used to locate freshwater areas. The saltwater areas are between 10 and 30 m deep. Salt flats and clayrich deposits are visible on resistivity maps and were identified by low resistance values. After linking resistivity data and maps, it is determined that the south portion of the area has a freshwater aquifer, especially at a depth of 200 m. At this depth, the quality of water is very good, regardless of its mild salinity in some areas. The margin between salty and freshwater is set to no degree. This is dependent upon the recharge and usage of an aquifer. Groundwater pollution poses a severe threat to the city’s residents. Results from the physio-chemical analysis of the water samples confirm the presence of arsenic in excessive amounts in water samples and are outside the limits set by the WHO and NDWQS. Just two out of 10 samples are within the limits for safe drinking water. The results of this research are valued for groundwater management and the installation of tubular wells in freshwater areas for households and irrigation purposes.

scholarly journals Willingness to pay for improved safe drinking water in a coastal urban area in Bangladesh

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Nasif Ahsan ◽  
Sheikh Hadiujjaman ◽  
Md. Sariful Islam ◽  
Nishad Nasrin ◽  
Mukta Akter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract Discontentment with a piped supply system of drinking water has become a significant concern in Bangladesh's urban areas in recent years, necessitating the improvement of different aspects of the system in question. Therefore, by conducting a discrete choice experiment on 115 households out of a systematically selected 161 households, this study aims to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for an improved safe drinking water supply by considering the trade-offs made by urban dwellers for the proposed improvements to an existing water supply system in the Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area of Bangladesh. The primary results show that the total WTP of households is estimated at BDT 243.6 (≈US$ 2.87) per month, implying that respondents are ready to pay for improvements to the water supply attributes of water quality, regularity of supply, water pressure in taps, and filtering. A revenue stream for an improved water supply system is also being developed, suggesting that investment in improving the system would be a ‘no-regret’ decision and economically sustainable.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effects of Access to Safe Drinking Water on Children’s Nutritional Status in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Ryota Nakamura ◽  
◽  
Takumi Kondo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

This study analyzed the effects of access to safe drinking water on the nutritional status of children under the age of 59 months in urban and rural areas in Indonesia using the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5. Both piped water and packaged water were considered safe to drink. The descriptive statistics show that children in rural areas typically had insufficient access to safe drinking water and children who consumed safe drinking water had higher short- and long-term nutrition levels. To mitigate selection bias due to the non-random distribution of access to safe drinking water, a matching estimation was used to quantitatively determine the effects of access to safe drinking water on child nutrition. The provision of safe drinking water improved the short- and long-term nutritional status of children in rural areas but had no significant effect to that of children in urban areas. A simulation of this effect on child nutrition shows that in rural areas, improved access to safe drinking water decreases the stunting ratio by 13 percentage points and the wasting ratio by 6.1 percentage points. Additionally, both household income levels and community drinking water prices are important determinants of access to safe drinking water. Therefore, access to safe drinking water is necessary to improve the nutritional status of children in rural Indonesia, and community characteristics contribute to access.

scholarly journals As Desigualdades Socioeconómicas na Atribuição de Médicos de Família em Portugal estão a Diminuir?

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 730
Author(s):  
Ana Moura ◽  
Pedro Pita Barros
Keyword(s):  
Family Physician ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Family Physicians ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Care Physician ◽  
Public System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Care Unit ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Introduction: The percentage of citizens who were not registered with a family physician in Portugal reached 16.6% in 2011. In 2012 the Ministry of Health implemented several measures aiming at improving access to family physicians. One clear objective was that all individuals would be registered with a family physician by 2014. We evaluate the evolution of the socioeconomic inequalities regarding registration with family physicians in Portugal between 2009 and 2014.Material and Methods: We use data at the primary health care unit level on the number of individuals who are not registered with a family physician and the purchasing power of the population served by each unit. The analysis is done using concentration measures.Results: We find a higher concentration of individuals not registered with a family physician among units serving populations with higher socioeconomic status, although this has been decreasing over the years analyzed. Amongst units serving the most disadvantaged populations, we find a situation close to perfect equality.Discussion: Our results may reflect the fact that populations with higher economic status live in urban areas where there is greater shortage of family physicians. Alternatively, it may be that these populations choose not to have a family physician within the public system, thus relying on private providers. Conclusion: Our findings convey a reduction in existing socioeconomic inequalities in terms of registration with a primary care physician, during the period under analysis. This reduction took place among the populations which experienced more inequality.

Advancing integrity in urban water and sanitation: WIGO report 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Webb
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
The Media ◽  
Global Population

As the proportion of the global population living in urban areas increases, major challenges in providing safe drinking water and sanitation services need to be overcome, particularly in marginalised communities and informal settlements where services are already deficient. Strategies to provide water and sanitation are often undermined by corruption and integrity failures in the management of public resources, ‘petty corruption’ at the interface between individuals and institutions, and issues of inequitable and discriminatory planning and pricing. In the Water Integrity Global Outlook (WIGO 2021), WIN outlines successful strategies, tools and processes to reduce corruption and improve integrity by governments, utilities, the private sector, regulatory bodies, the media, NGOs and ultimately citizens, to drive improvements in the provision of reliable water and sanitation services.

scholarly journals A KAP study on water, sanitation and hygiene among residents of Parla village, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 2081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rekha Hothur ◽  
Sreedevi Arepalli ◽  
Anusha Doddoju Veera Bhadreshwara
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Institutional Ethics ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Background: Ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation for rural people is the key catalyst for economic and human growth. However extreme poverty inhibits a significant portion of rural population from getting access to sanitation facilities and safe drinking water services. The study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and Practices (KAP) with regard to water, sanitation and hygienic practices and to identify the socio-demographic factors in relation.Methods: A cross-sectional study sample comprising of 236 households was conducted in the rural field practice area after obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee approval. Proportionate sample of 20% households were taken from each ward and houses were selected by systematic random sampling method. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding water, sanitation and hygiene were assessed using pretested semi-structured questionnaire.Results: Out of 236 households majority interviewed were females 169 (71.6%), illiterate (54.2%) and unskilled workers 122 (51.7%) belonging to class V socio-economic status 165 (69.9%). Household lavatory is absent in 114 (48.3%) households. Out of 122 (51.7%) households having sanitary lavatories only 59 (48.4%) were fully utilizing them remaining 63 (51.6%) households were going to open defecation even though sanitary lavatory was present. A significant association between defecation practice and socio-economic status, education were observed.Conclusions: This study shows that even though they have sufficient knowledge on water purification, Sanitation and hygiene this was not translated into practice because of poor attitude.

scholarly journals Consumption of safe drinking water in Pakistan: its dimensions and determinants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naeem Akram
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
At Home

Abstract. Access to clean and safe drinking water is a basic human right. Poor quality of drinking water is directly associated with various waterborne diseases. The present study has attempted to analyze the household preferences for drinking water sources and the adoption of water purifying methods at home in Pakistan by using the household data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18. It has been found that people living in rural areas, headed by aged ones and having large family sizes are significantly less likely to use safe drinking water sources and households having media exposure, education, women empowerment in household purchases and belonging to the rich segment of society are more likely to use safe drinking water source. Similarly, households belonging to urban areas, having a higher level of awareness (through education and media), belonging to wealthy families, women enjoying a higher level of empowerment and using piped water are more likely to adopt water-purifying methods at home. However, households using water from tube wells, wells, and boreholes and having higher family sizes are less likely to adopt water purifying methods at home.

scholarly journals Does Water Quality Improve When a Safe Drinking Water Act Violation Is Issued? A Study of the Effectiveness of the SDWA in California

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine K. Grooms
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water Act ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Scrutiny ◽  
Public Water Systems ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Public Notification ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract The Safe Drinking Water Act addresses harmful contaminants in drinking water by providing states the authority to monitor public water systems, notify the public of exceedances above allowable levels, and cite persistent violators. Violating water systems are subject to intense regulatory and public scrutiny. The response of contaminant levels to violation status has not been explored empirically. This paper addresses this relationship through an event study using data on arsenic and nitrate levels in California. I find that violation status has a significant positive effect on nitrate levels post-violation, but no effect on arsenic levels. I also examine the effect of the 2006 arsenic Maximum Contaminant Level revision, finding a discontinuity in contaminant levels at revision. These results suggest that while public disclosure may deter systems from violating, once they go into violation the Public Notification Rule is not effective at encouraging a return to compliance.

scholarly journals Tradable Permits for Controlling Nitrates in Groundwater at the Farm Level: A Conceptual Model

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Morgan ◽  
Jay S. Coggins ◽  
Vernon R. Eidman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Tradable Permits ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Cost

AbstractNitrate contamination of municipal and domestic well water supplies is becoming an increasing problem in many rural and urban areas, raising the cost of providing safe drinking water. The objective of this paper is to describe a marketable permit scheme that can effectively manage nitrate pollution of groundwater supplies for communities in rural areas without hindering agricultural production in watersheds. The key to implementing this scheme is being able to link nitrate leaching from nitrogen fertilizer applied to crops at a farm to nitrate levels measured at a drinking water well.

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