Tuber melosporum smooth spores: an anomalous feature in the genus Tuber

Mycologia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lancellotti Enrico ◽  
Fantini Paolo ◽  
Iotti Mirco ◽  
Franceschini Antonio ◽  
Zambonelli Alessandra
Keyword(s):  
Anomalous Feature

scholarly journals Understanding Depletion Induced Like-Charge Attraction from Self-Consistent Field Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Liu ◽  
Manman Ma ◽  
Zhenli Xu
Keyword(s):  
Mean Field ◽  
Interaction Force ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
Self Consistent Field ◽  
Anomalous Feature ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ionic Size ◽  
Poisson Boltzmann ◽  
Force Calculation

AbstractThe interaction force between likely charged particles/surfaces is usually repulsive due to the Coulomb interaction. However, the counterintuitive like-charge attraction in electrolytes has been frequently observed in experiments, which has been theoretically debated for a long time. It is widely known that the mean field Poisson-Boltzmann theory cannot explain and predict this anomalous feature since it ignores many-body properties. In this paper, we develop efficient algorithm and perform the force calculation between two interfaces using a set of self-consistent equations which properly takes into account the electrostatic correlation and the dielectric-boundary effects. By solving the equations and calculating the pressure with the Debye-charging process, we show that the self-consistent equations could be used to study the attraction between like-charge surfaces from weak-coupling to mediate-coupling regimes, and that the attraction is due to the electrostatics-driven entropic force which is significantly enhanced by the dielectric depletion of mobile ions. A systematic investigation shows that the interaction forces can be tuned by material permittivity, ionic size and valence, and salt concentration, and that the like-charge attraction exists only for specific regime of these parameters.

scholarly journals Evaluating Observation Influence on Regional Water Budgets in Reanalyses

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 3631-3649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Bosilovich ◽  
Jiun-Dar Chern ◽  
David Mocko ◽  
Franklin R. Robertson ◽  
Arlindo M. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Moisture Flux ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Flux Divergence ◽  
Water Budgets ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Anomalous Feature ◽  
Closed Water ◽  
Regional Water ◽  
Moisture Flux Divergence

Abstract The assimilation of observations in reanalyses incurs the potential for the physical terms of budgets to be balanced by a term relating the fit of the observations relative to a forecast first guess analysis. This may indicate a limitation in the physical processes of the background model or perhaps assimilating data from an inconsistent observing system. In the MERRA reanalysis, an area of long-term moisture flux divergence over land has been identified over the central United States. Here, the water vapor budget is evaluated in this region, taking advantage of two unique features of the MERRA diagnostic output: 1) a closed water budget that includes the analysis increment and 2) a gridded diagnostic output dataset of the assimilated observations and their innovations (e.g., forecast departures). In the central United States, an anomaly occurs where the analysis adds water to the region, while precipitation decreases and moisture flux divergence increases. This is related more to a change in the observing system than to a deficiency in the model physical processes. MERRA’s Gridded Innovations and Observations (GIO) data narrow the observations that influence this feature to the ATOVS and Aqua satellites during the 0600 and 1800 UTC analysis cycles, when radiosonde information is not prevalent. Observing system experiments further narrow the instruments that affect the anomalous feature to AMSU-A (mainly window channels) and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). This effort also shows the complexities of the observing system and the reactions of the regional water budgets in reanalyses to the assimilated observations.

An automatic technique for presentation of coincident‐loop, impulse‐response, transient, electromagnetic data

Geophysics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1542-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Smith ◽  
R. N. Edwards ◽  
G. Buselli
Keyword(s):  
Color Image ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Depth Image ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Color Contrast ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
Apparent Conductivity ◽  
Transient Electromagnetic ◽  
Anomalous Feature ◽  
Depth Curves

Coincident‐loop TEM sounding data are often presented by plotting the half‐space apparent conductivity as a function of delay time. A new algorithm generates an improved presentation that plots the apparent conductivity as a function of depth. The resulting data may be further processed to sharpen or “spike” the smoothly varying apparent‐conductivity/depth curves in an attempt to better represent the rapid changes in conductivity that often exist in the earth. The algorithm described involves an approximation, but is simple, easy to use, and computationally efficient. A layered conductivity structure is assumed, so the algorithm is best for areas where the geology is approximately horizontal. However, the algorithm can also be used to identify anomalous features that are not infinite horizontal layers. The spiked conductivity models derived from synthetic data are consistent with the original layered‐earth models and show a greater resolution than the apparent‐conductivity/depth curves, and sometimes amplify noise in the data. When data are collected along a profile line, the conductivity/depth information can be converted to a color image. For profile data collected over the Elura orebody, the image of the spiked conductivity section shows an anomalous feature at the orebody, and the color contrast is more marked than it is on the apparent‐conductivity/depth image.

The pressure dependence of the structure of liquid bromine

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 507-511
Author(s):  
K. Szornel ◽  
P. A. Egelstaff ◽  
E. Whalley ◽  
G. McLaurin
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Static Structure Factor ◽  
Static Structure ◽  
Liquid Bromine ◽  
Anomalous Feature ◽  
Triple Points ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Structure Of Liquid

The anisotropic intermolecular interaction has been known for many years to cause an anomalous feature at about 20 nm−1 in the static structure factor of liquid halogens. This feature increases sequentially for liquids fluorine to chlorine to bromine to iodine near their triple points, and we determined its shape as a function of pressure in liquid bromine at room temperature. While it apparently broadens with increasing pressure, after the underlying structure is removed a slight sharpening is found and discussed. Also at high pressure, we observe that the orientationally averaged structure of liquid bromine tends toward that of liquid chlorine at the same density.

Anomalous Selective Tungsten- Growth by -Chemical- Vapor -Deposition

1996 ◽  
Vol 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Jane Mei ◽  
Ting-Chang Chang ◽  
Jeng-Dong Sheu ◽  
Wen-Kuan Yeh ◽  
Fu-Ming Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Auger Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
Auger Electron ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Deep Submicron ◽  
Anomalous Feature ◽  
Via Hole ◽  
Hole Bottom

AbstractSelective tungsten chemical vapor deposition (W-CVD) is one of the most attractive technique for filling deep submicron contact hole and via hole for the ULSI application. In this work, we firstly find out the anomalous selective W growth for the contact hole. The tungsten only nucleates from the side ring of the contact hole bottom. Several predeposition treatments prior to W growth can improve this anomalous feature and excellently selective W growth can be achieved. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is utilized to investigate the interface of Si/W. A model has been proposed to explain this anomalous selective tungsten growth.

scholarly journals Tetrodotoxin-sensitive uptake of ions and water by slices of rat brain in vitro

1970 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Okamoto ◽  
J. H. Quastel
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Anomalous Feature ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Electrical Impulses

1. Under certain conditions the processes that bring about increased Na+ influx and water uptake into rat brain slices have a tetrodotoxin-sensitive component. 2. Incubation of slices in the absence of glucose, or in the presence of ouabain (0.1mm), protoveratrine (10μm) or electrical stimuli, leads to increased uptakes of water and Na+ that are partially suppressed by tetrodotoxin (3μm). 3. The increased water uptake and Na+ influx due to the presence of 30μm-2,4-dinitrophenol or of 100mm-potassium chloride are unaffected by tetrodotoxin. 4. The additional presence of 27mm-potassium chloride diminishes, or abolishes, the inhibitory effects of tetrodotoxin on the increased uptakes of water and Na+ found on incubation in the absence of glucose or in the presence of protoveratrine. 5. Ouabain increases Na+ influx into caudate nuclei from rat brain and this process is suppressed by tetrodotoxin. Ouabain does not increase water uptake in the caudate nuclei. 6. Diminution of Na+ influx in slices due to tetrodotoxin is not accompanied by an equal efflux of K+. 7. It is concluded that glial-cell membranes are permeable to K+ and Cl− and, as a consequence, when K+ is released from neurons in association with action potentials it, together with water, moves into the glial cells. The major consequence of K+ (and Cl−) permeability of the glial cell is therefore a buffering of the extracellular K+ concentration. 8. l-Glutamate presents an anomalous feature that may indicate that its effects are not restricted to neurons. 9. Calculations are made of the increase of K+ flux into the glia in the presence of ouabain or of protoveratrine or in the absence of glucose or on application of electrical impulses.

scholarly journals Anomalous variations of <I>Nm</I>F2 over the Argentine Islands: a statistical study

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1363-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Pavlov ◽  
N. M. Pavlova
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Statistical Study ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
High Solar Activity ◽  
Winter Anomaly ◽  
Anomalous Feature ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. We present a statistical study of variations in the F2-layer peak electron density, NmF2, and altitude, hmF2, over the Argentine Islands ionosonde. The critical frequencies, foF2, and, foE, of the F2 and E-layers, and the propagation factor, M(3000)F2, measured by the ionosonde during the 1957–1959 and 1962–1995 time periods were used in the statistical analysis to determine the values of NmF2 and hmF2. The probabilities to observe maximum and minimum values of NmF2 and hmF2 in a diurnal variation of the electron density are calculated. Our study shows that the main part of the maximum diurnal values of NmF2 is observed in a time sector close to midnight in November, December, January, and February exhibiting the anomalous diurnal variations of NmF2. Another anomalous feature of the diurnal variations of NmF2 exhibited during November, December, and January when the minimum diurnal value of NmF2 is mainly located close to the noon sector. These anomalous diurnal variations of NmF2 are found to be during both geomagnetically quiet and disturbed conditions. Anomalous features are not found in the diurnal variations of hmF2. The statistical study of the NmF2 winter anomaly phenomena over the Argentine Islands ionosonde was carried out. The variations in a maximum daytime value, R, of a ratio of a geomagnetically quiet daytime winter NmF2 to a geomagnetically quiet daytime summer NmF2 taken at a given UT and for approximately the same level of solar activity were studied. The conditional probability of the occurrence of R in an interval of R, the most frequent value of R, the mean expected value of R, and the conditional probability to observe the F2-region winter anomaly during a daytime period were calculated for low, moderate, and high solar activity. The calculations show that the mean expected value of R and the occurrence frequency of the F2-region winter anomaly increase with increasing solar activity.

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