scholarly journals ECONOMY-WATER NEXUS IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR: DECOMPOSING DYNAMICS IN WATER FOOTPRINT BY THE LMDI

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 240-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Su ◽  
Sibo Chen ◽  
Tomas Baležentis ◽  
Ji Chen
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Crop Farming ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
Diverse Groups

Traditional economic activities induce environmental pressures. In order to ensure sustainable economic growth, one needs to decouple it from the environmental pressures. Sustainable growth of the agricultural sector is topical in the sense that economic activity supports rural populations, whereas the resulting environmental pressures may affect diverse groups of population. Thus, the analysis of water footprint related to crop farming is important in the sense of efficient resource use and sustainable development of agriculture in general. In this paper, we focus on Lithuanian crop farming and the related green and grey water footprints. Specifically, we decompose the changes in the water footprints during 2000–2016 by exploiting the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index. Due to the expansion of the areas harvested, the scale effect appeared as an important driver of growth in green and grey water footprints. The shifts in spatial distribution of area harvested virtually had no influence on the dynamics in either of the water footprints. The crop-mix effect was much higher for the grey water footprint (51% over the period of 2000–2015) than it was the case for the green water footprint (21%). The yield growth induced growth in both green and grey water footprints.

scholarly journals A Site-sPecific Agricultural water Requirement and footprint Estimator (SPARE:WATER 1.0)

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1043-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Multsch ◽  
Y. A. Al-Rumaikhani ◽  
H.-G. Frede ◽  
L. Breuer
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Irrigation Methods

Abstract. The agricultural water footprint addresses the quantification of water consumption in agriculture, whereby three types of water to grow crops are considered, namely green water (consumed rainfall), blue water (irrigation from surface or groundwater) and grey water (water needed to dilute pollutants). By considering site-specific properties when calculating the crop water footprint, this methodology can be used to support decision making in the agricultural sector on local to regional scale. We therefore developed the spatial decision support system SPARE:WATER that allows us to quantify green, blue and grey water footprints on regional scale. SPARE:WATER is programmed in VB.NET, with geographic information system functionality implemented by the MapWinGIS library. Water requirements and water footprints are assessed on a grid basis and can then be aggregated for spatial entities such as political boundaries, catchments or irrigation districts. We assume inefficient irrigation methods rather than optimal conditions to account for irrigation methods with efficiencies other than 100%. Furthermore, grey water is defined as the water needed to leach out salt from the rooting zone in order to maintain soil quality, an important management task in irrigation agriculture. Apart from a thorough representation of the modelling concept, we provide a proof of concept where we assess the agricultural water footprint of Saudi Arabia. The entire water footprint is 17.0 km3 yr−1 for 2008, with a blue water dominance of 86%. Using SPARE:WATER we are able to delineate regional hot spots as well as crop types with large water footprints, e.g. sesame or dates. Results differ from previous studies of national-scale resolution, underlining the need for regional estimation of crop water footprints.

scholarly journals Blue and Green Water Footprint Assessment for China—A Multi-Region Input–Output Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Hou ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Martin Tillotson ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Single Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Net Export

Research on blue and green water footprints (WF) for China has typically been carried out based on bottom-up and top-down approach using a single-region input–output table. However, this research typically lacks detail on the sectoral interrelationships which exist between China and its trading partners in other countries/regions of the world. Here, a multi-region input–output approach using the WIOD database was applied to quantify the blue and green WF for China in 2009. The quantification was conducted from both production (WFP) and consumption (WFC) perspectives. The results show that the total WFP for China in 2009 was 1152.2 km3, second only to India. At 1070.9 km3, China had the largest WFC volume in the world. The internal WF was 953.5 km3, taking the substantial share for both the WFC and WFP. Overall, China’s trade resulted in a net export of 53.5 km3 virtual water. In contrast, the agricultural sector resulted in a net import of 70.6 km3 virtual water to China, with United States, Brazil, and Canada acting as major suppliers. This study suggests that quantifying the WF of China at global level through a MRIO framework is a necessary step towards achieving sustainability for China’s water management.

scholarly journals Water Footprint Assessment pada komoditas padi, jagung, dan kedelai di wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta untuk mendukung sistem pertanian berkelanjutan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Fathi Alfinur Rizqi ◽  
Sri Nuryani Utami
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Development Goals

Populasi penduduk Indonesia diperkirakan akan mencapai 350 juta pada tahun 2045, mendorong Indonesia untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan pangan 3% setiap tahunnya. Program Upaya Khusus (Upsus) Padi Jagung Kedelai (Pajale), menjadi salah satu program unggulan pemerintah dalam menjawab tantangan ini. Di sisi lain, tekanan lingkungan memberikan batas jelas untuk melaksanakan proses budidaya pertanian berkelanjutan. Sebagaimana dua tujuan dari Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) adalah menghentikan kelaparan dan kepastian akses terhadap air. Konsep air virtual (virtual water) hadir sebagai salah satu alternatif konsep berserta alat hitung air yang diperlukan dalam sebuah proses produksi pertanian. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi air virtual untuk komoditas padi, jagung, dan kedelai di wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Analisa dalam penelitian ini menghasilkan nilai tapak air yang terdiri dari blue water, green water, dan grey water. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa water footprint tahunan kedelai merupakan yang tertinggi dengan 2.589 m3/ton disusul padi ladang, jagung, dan padi sawah sebesar 1.280 m3/ton; 844 m3/ton; 841 m3/ton. Hasil ini disebabkan oleh tingkat produktivitas yang semakin tinggi nilainya maka akan menghasil nilai water footprint akan semakin rendah. Pelaksanaan penelitian ini mengungkap faktor yang mempengaruhi jumlah air yang diperlukan untuk memproduksi komoditas pertanian. Pemilihan lokasi, kondisi iklim, jenis tanaman, teknik budidaya hingga penggunaan pupuk merupakan faktor yang perlu diperhatikan untuk dapat menekan penggunaan air dalam proses produksi pertanian. Dengan demikian, tujuan pelaksanaan budidaya pertanian yang berkelanjutan dapat terwujud.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Grey Water Footprint Comparing the Indirect Effects of Different Agricultural Practices

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eros Borsato ◽  
Alejandro Galindo ◽  
Paolo Tarolli ◽  
Luigi Sartori ◽  
Francesco Marinello
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Experimental Field

Increasing global food demand and economic growth result in increasing competition over scarce freshwater resources, worsened by climate change and pollution. The agricultural sector has the largest share in the water footprint of humanity. While most studies focus on estimating water footprints (WFs) of crops through modeling, there are only few experimental field studies. The current work aims to understand the effect of supposedly better agricultural practices, particularly precision agriculture (variable rate application of fertilizers and pesticides) and conservation agriculture (minimum, strip, or no-tillage), on water deterioration and water pollution. We analyzed the results from an experimental field study in the northeast of Italy, in which four different crops are grown across three years of crops rotation. We compared minimum, strip, and no-tillage systems undergoing variable to uniform rate application. Grey WFs are assessed based on a field dataset using yield maps data, soil texture, and crop operations field. Leaching and associated grey WFs are assessed based on application rates and various environmental factors. Yields are measured in the field and recorded in a precision map. The results illustrate how precision agriculture combined with soil conservation tillage systems can reduce the grey water footprint by the 10%. We assessed the grey Water Footprint for all the field operation processes during the three-year crop rotation.

scholarly journals Water Footprint Assessment of Thai Banana Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 151-156
Author(s):  
Cheerawit Rattanapan ◽  
◽  
Weerawat Ounsaneha
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Banana Production ◽  
Banana Industry ◽  
The One ◽  
Banana Plantation

The aim of this research was to assess the water footprint level of Thai banana production. Firstly, the water consumption inventory of banana production was developed. The water consumptions in the banana farms and a case study of banana industry were collected based on the inventory. The results showed that the water consumption of banana plantation was 842.02 m3 including 443.50 m3 of green water, 398.52 m3 of blue water and not found grey water. Moreover, 1638.59 m3/rai was found in the one rai of banana plantation consisted of 863.06 m3/rai of green water and 775.53 m3/rai of blue water. From the finding of this study, the reduction approach of water footprint for banana production should be the reduction of watering the plant in the process of banana growing.

scholarly journals ANALISIS WATER FOOTPRINT PRODUKSI SUSU SAPI (STUDI KASUS DI KELOMPOK PETERNAK DESA MARGAMUKTI) - Water Footprint Analysis of Milk Cow Production (Case Study at the Farmer Groups of Margamukti Village)

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peni Faridah Khaerani
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Integrated Farming

AbstrakKebutuhan akan susu semakin meningkat seiring dengan perkembangan jumlah penduduk, tingkat pendapatan, dan selera masyarakat. Dengan semakin meningkatnya kebutuhan akan susu, permintaan akan populasi sapi perah pun akan meningkat pula. Konsumsi produk hewani berkontribusi lebih dari seperempat water footprint manusia. Air yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan pakan merupakan faktor utama di balik water footprint produk hewani Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besaran water footprint dalam produksi susu sapi serta untuk merumuskan upaya-upaya yang bisa dilakukan untuk mengurangi besarnya water footprint produksi susu sapi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kuantitatif dominant kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, pengukuran langsung dan wawancara semi-terstruktur pada setiap tahap budidaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, nilai water footprint  produksi susu sapi adalah 606,88 m3/ton, dengan nilai masing-masing komponennya adalah 233,0 m3/ton untuk green water, 178,1 m3/ton untuk blue water serta 195,78 m3/ton untuk grey water. Upaya-upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi water footprint produksi susu sapi : dengan meningkatkan produktivitas air pada tahap budidaya rumput gajah serta melakukan pengolahan limbah dan menerapkan  metode livestock integrated farming pada tahap budidaya ternak sapi perah.Kata Kunci : Water footprint, produksi susu sapi, upaya-upaya untuk mengurangi water footprintAbstractThe need for milk is increasing in line with population growth, income levels, and public taste. With the increasing demand for milk, dairy cow population demand will increase as well. Consumption of animal products contribute more than a quarter of the human water footprint. Water needed to produce food is a major factor behind the water footprint of animal products This study aims to determine the amount of water footprint in cow milk production as well as to formulate measures that can be done to reduce the amount of water footprint of milk production of cows. This study uses a quantitative dominant qualitative research design. Data were collected through observation, direct measurement  and semi-structured interviews at each stage of cultivation. The results showed that, the value of milk production water footprint is 606.88 m3/ton, with the value of each component is 233,0 m3/ton for green water, 178,1 m3/ton  for blue water and 195.78 m3/ton for grey water. Efforts that can be done to reduce the water footprint of milk production : increasing the productivity of water at the stage of elephant grass cultivation and doing the waste water treatment and apply livestock integrated farming method in dairy cattle farming stage.Keywords: Water footprint, milk production, efforts to reduce the water footprint

A holistic water balance of Austria – how does the quantitative proportion of urban water requirements relate to other users?

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vanham
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Available Resources

Traditional water use statistics only include the blue water withdrawal/consumption of municipalities, industry and irrigated agriculture. When, however, green water use of the agricultural sector is included as well as the virtual water use/water footprint (WF), water use quantity statistics become very different. In common water use statistics, Austria withdraws in total about 2.5 km3 per year, only 3% of available resources (total discharge 81.4 km3 = surface and ground water). The total water consumption (0.5 km3) is less than 1% of available resources. Urban (municipal) water requirements account for 27% of total withdrawal or 33% of consumption. When agricultural green water use (cropland) is included in statistics, the fraction of municipal water requirements diminishes to 7.6% of total withdrawal and 2.5% of total consumption. If the evapotranspiration of grassland and alpine meadows is also included in agricultural green water use, this fraction decreases to 3.2% and 0.9% respectively. When the WF is assessed as base value for water use in Austria, the municipal water use represents 5.8% of this value. In this globalized world, these traditional water use statistics are no longer recommendable. Only a holistic water balance approach really represents water use statistics.

scholarly journals A site-specific agricultural water requirement and footprint estimator (SPARE:WATER 1.0) for irrigation agriculture

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 645-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Multsch ◽  
Y. A. Al-Rumaikhani ◽  
H.-G. Frede ◽  
L. Breuer
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Irrigation Agriculture

Abstract. The water footprint accounting method addresses the quantification of water consumption in agriculture, whereby three types of water to grow crops are considered, namely green water (consumed rainfall), blue water (irrigation from surface or groundwater) and grey water (water needed to dilute pollutants). Most of current water footprint assessments focus on global to continental scale. We therefore developed the spatial decision support system SPARE:WATER that allows to quantify green, blue and grey water footprints on regional scale. SPARE:WATER is programmed in VB.NET, with geographic information system functionality implemented by the MapWinGIS library. Water requirement and water footprints are assessed on a grid-basis and can then be aggregated for spatial entities such as political boundaries, catchments or irrigation districts. We assume in-efficient irrigation methods rather than optimal conditions to account for irrigation methods with efficiencies other than 100%. Furthermore, grey water can be defined as the water to leach out salt from the rooting zone in order to maintain soil quality, an important management task in irrigation agriculture. Apart from a thorough representation of the modelling concept we provide a proof of concept where we assess the agricultural water footprint of Saudi Arabia. The entire water footprint is 17.0 km3 yr−1 for 2008 with a blue water dominance of 86%. Using SPARE:WATER we are able to delineate regional hot spots as well as crop types with large water footprints, e.g. sesame or dates. Results differ from previous studies of national-scale resolution, underlining the need for regional water footprint assessments.

scholarly journals Spatial Characteristics and Implications of Grey Water Footprint of Major Food Crops in China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Wang ◽  
Yutong Zhang ◽  
Ling Jia ◽  
Guiyu Yang ◽  
Yizhen Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate

The estimated, effective increase of agricultural fertilizer applied in China by 10.57 Mts from 2006 to 2016 is a crucial factor affecting the water environment. Based on analyzing the nitrate-leaching rate, the nitrogen-fertilizer application rate, and crop yield in wheat and maize key cultivation divisions in China, this paper applied the grey water footprint analytical method to estimate THE grey water footprint and its proportion to total water footprint and analyzed the spatial differences from 2012 to 2016. Results showed that the grey water footprint of wheat was higher in North and Northwest China with an increasing trend, while that of maize was higher in Southwest and Northwest China because of high nitrogen application rates and low yields in these regions. Except for the Southwestern division, wheat’s grey water footprint was about 1.3 times higher than the blue water footprint, while, for maize, it was two to three times higher. When analyzing and planning water demand for crop irrigation, the water required for nonpoint source pollution due to chemical fertilizers should be considered. Focusing blue water (irrigation) alone, while neglecting green water and ignoring grey water footprints, it might lead to overestimation of available agricultural water resources and failure to meet the goals of sustainable use of water resources.

scholarly journals A multilevel carbon and water footprint dataset of food commodities

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tashina Petersson ◽  
Luca Secondi ◽  
Andrea Magnani ◽  
Marta Antonelli ◽  
Katarzyna Dembska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Dietary Shifts ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
The Impact

AbstractInforming and engaging citizens to adopt sustainable diets is a key strategy for reducing global environmental impacts of the agricultural and food sectors. In this respect, the first requisite to support citizens and actors of the food sector is to provide them a publicly available, reliable and ready to use synthesis of environmental pressures associated to food commodities. Here we introduce the SU-EATABLE LIFE database, a multilevel database of carbon (CF) and water (WF) footprint values of food commodities, based on a standardized methodology to extract information and assign optimal footprint values and uncertainties to food items, starting from peer-reviewed articles and grey literature. The database and its innovative methodological framework for uncertainty treatment and data quality assurance provides a solid basis for evaluating the impact of dietary shifts on global environmental policies, including climate mitigation through greenhouse gas emission reductions. The database ensures repeatability and further expansion, providing a reliable science-based tool for managers and researcher in the food sector.

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