scholarly journals Blue and Green Water Footprint Assessment for China—A Multi-Region Input–Output Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyu Hou ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Martin Tillotson ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Single Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Net Export

Research on blue and green water footprints (WF) for China has typically been carried out based on bottom-up and top-down approach using a single-region input–output table. However, this research typically lacks detail on the sectoral interrelationships which exist between China and its trading partners in other countries/regions of the world. Here, a multi-region input–output approach using the WIOD database was applied to quantify the blue and green WF for China in 2009. The quantification was conducted from both production (WFP) and consumption (WFC) perspectives. The results show that the total WFP for China in 2009 was 1152.2 km3, second only to India. At 1070.9 km3, China had the largest WFC volume in the world. The internal WF was 953.5 km3, taking the substantial share for both the WFC and WFP. Overall, China’s trade resulted in a net export of 53.5 km3 virtual water. In contrast, the agricultural sector resulted in a net import of 70.6 km3 virtual water to China, with United States, Brazil, and Canada acting as major suppliers. This study suggests that quantifying the WF of China at global level through a MRIO framework is a necessary step towards achieving sustainability for China’s water management.

scholarly journals India rice export and virtual water trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (SI) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Uma Gowri M. ◽  
Shivakumar K. M.
Keyword(s):  
Rice Field ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Full Swing

The present study aimed to assess water footprint in the production and export of rice in India. From recent few years, the water footprint conception in full swing to inward detection around the world. The amplified attention in the water footprint has impelled the trade of commodities between countries. Water footprint in the rice field is a sign of water use that exhibits direct and indirect water usage in the rice field. Rice is an important food crop in India. It accesses the flows of water virtually between countries/regions of the world to illustrate the dependency of countries/regions on water resources with other countries/regions under diverse feasible futures. Hence, it is gaining consequence to calculate the water foot print in production as well as export of rice.  The Indian rice production and export of rice was calculated by using international trade and domestic production data. The study results indicated that the global footprint of rice production was 235774 Mm3 per ton which was 53 % of green water footprint, 41 % of blue water footprint and 6 % of grey water footprint for 2018-19. The virtual water flowed in trade was 24354 Mm3/year and the percolation was 16924 Mm3/year since rice is a more water consuming crop. The share of basmati and non-basmati trade accounted was 16 % and 42 %, respectively. Virtual water trade in rice can be minimized by exporting less water demand and high-value crops, proper water harvesting structures and other agronomic practices.

scholarly journals Assessment of Virtual Water Flows in Iran Using a Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7424
Author(s):  
Ehsan Qasemipour ◽  
Farhad Tarahomi ◽  
Markus Pahlow ◽  
Seyed Saeed Malek Sadati ◽  
Ali Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
National Income ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Water Flows

The growth of Iran’s agricultural sector in the past few decades has exerted enormous pressure on its aquifers. There is a strong disparity between economic development and natural resource endowments, which threatens water and food security. In this paper, we used a multiregional input–output (MRIO) framework to assess the virtual water flows in Iran. We also estimate the internal and external water footprint of regions compared to their water availability. The results show that the northern part of the country, with no water scarcity, imported virtual water through the trade of goods and services, while severely water-scarce regions were net virtual water exporters. Iran had a net export of 1811 Mm3 per annum. While blue water resources (surface and groundwater) accounted for 92.2% of the national water footprint, 89.1% of total exports were related to the agriculture sector, contributing to only 10.5% of the national income. The results suggest that policy-makers should reconsider the current trade policy regarding food production liberalization in order to make Iran’s limited water resources available for producing industrial goods, which can contribute more to the economy.

scholarly journals Water Footprint and Virtual Water Accounting for China Using a Multi-Regional Input-Output Model

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanying Zhang ◽  
Yimin Chen ◽  
Min Huang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
National Level ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Water Accounting

Water footprint (WF) is a measure of the actual appropriation of water resources. WF accounting can provide a scientific basis for the managements of water resources. In this study, a multi-regional input-output model is employed to measure the quantity of blue WF (WF) and inter-provincial virtual water (VW) flows in China for the years of 2007 and 2010. The results show that: (1) China’s total WF increased from 205.42 billion m3 in 2007 to 229.34 billion m3 in 2010. Approximately 42% of the WF was attributed to VW embodied in inter-provincial trade. Xinjiang is the largest province of VW export, whereas Shanghai had the largest net VW inflows. (2) From 2007 to 2010, the share of the agricultural sector in the entire VW trade declined, but was still as high as 82.78%, followed by the industrial sector. (3) The north-to-south and south-to-south patterns were witnessed in the domestic VW flows. The provincial WF variations are found to be affected by the per capital GDP, total water resources, per capita water resources, and urban population. (4) By linking VW with an integrated WAVE+ (water accounting and vulnerability evaluation) factor, it was found that virtual scarce water (VSW) was mainly exported by the provinces in northern China. At the national level, the amounts of VSW inflows were consistently greater than those of VSW outflows for both years, 2007 and 2010, implying an increased pressure on the provinces with water deprivation issues. Overall, these results can provide a basis for refining the spatiotemporal allocation of water resources and mitigating the conflict between water supply and demand in China.

scholarly journals Vulnerabilities of the European Union’s Economy to Hydrological Extremes Outside its Borders

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ertug Ercin ◽  
Daniel Chico ◽  
Ashok K. Chapagain
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Green Water ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Water ◽  
External Water ◽  
The Eu

Climate change is leading to increased water scarcity and drought in many parts of the world. This has implications for the European Union (EU) because a lot of the water intensive goods consumed or used there are produced abroad. This makes the EU’s economy dependent on water resources well beyond its borders since when a country imports water intensive goods, indirectly it also imports virtual water (water needed to produce the imported goods). This study maps the EU’s global dependency on water resources outside its borders in terms of virtual water imports and assesses how water scarcity and drought may disrupt supplies of key food crops that it imports. The EU uses approximately 668 km3 of water for all of the goods it produces, consumes and exports, annually. Around 38% of that water comes from outside its borders, which means that the EU’s economy is highly dependent on the availability of water in other parts of the world. In the near future, supplies of certain crops to the EU could be disrupted due to water scarcity in other parts of the world; a large portion of the water used in producing soybeans, rice, sugarcane, cotton, almonds, pistachios and grapes for import to the EU comes from areas with significant or severe levels of water scarcity. Although the immediate risks to the EU’s economy are due to current water scarcity levels, any disruption to rainfall patterns that occur in the future, due to the effects of climate change in the countries of origin of key crops, could have a far greater impact. This is because as much as 92% of the EU’s total external water demand from agriculture is attributed to green water use, availability of which has relatively higher vulnerability to drought.

Water and Coffee

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Silverstein ◽  
Stephen S. Bao ◽  
Steven Russell ◽  
Kate Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Physical Load ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Participatory Ergonomics ◽  
The World ◽  
Commodity Trading ◽  
Local Materials ◽  
Better Than

Objective: The aim of this study was to reduce the physical load on coffee-harvesting workers while maintaining productivity. Background: Coffee is second to oil in commodity trading. Water is becoming scarce worldwide. The global virtual water footprint for one cup of coffee is 140 liters. Shade-grown coffee is one approach to reducing the water footprint. Method: A participatory ergonomics approach was used during two Nicaraguan shade-grown coffee harvesting seasons to reduce the physical load on harvesters with the use of a newly designed bag instead of a basket strapped around the waist. Results: Productivity in the mountainous, shade-grown coffee farms was maintained while physical load on the worker was improved somewhat. Among basket users, 84.2% reported pain in at least one body area compared with 78.9% of bag users ( ns). Nonetheless, 74% of participants liked the bag “much better” than the basket. Workers identified ways the bag could be improved further with the use of local materials. These suggestions included (a) reducing the horizontal distance of the bag to reduce reach and (b) having waterproof material on the bag between the worker and the bag to reduce moisture and damage to the berries. There was no difference in productivity between using the bag and using the small basket. Conclusions: Workers are extending this partici-patory approach to how to get the harvested coffee cherries down the mountain other than carrying 40-kg bags on their backs. The ultimate goal is to make the coffee-harvesting bag design available to harvesters around the world.

A multi-region input-output model for optimizing virtual water trade flows in agricultural crop production

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen B. Aviso ◽  
Sed Anderson K. Holaysan ◽  
Michael Angelo B. Promentilla ◽  
Krista Danielle S. Yu ◽  
Raymond R. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Productivity

Purpose The onset of climate change is expected to result in variations in weather patterns which can exacerbate water scarcity issues. This can potentially impact the economic productivity of nations as economic activities are highly dependent on water especially for agricultural countries. In response to this, the concepts of virtual water and water footprint have been introduced as metrics for measuring the water intensity of products, services and nations. Researchers have thus looked into virtual water trade flows as a potential strategy for alleviating water scarcity. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Environmentally extended input-output models (IOMs) are often used to analyze interactions between economic and ecological systems. This work thus develops a multi-regional input-output model for optimizing virtual water trade between different geographic regions in consideration of local environmental resource constraints, product demands and economic productivity. Findings A case study on agriculture crop production and trade in different regions of the Philippines is utilized to demonstrate the capabilities of the model. The results show that the optimal strategy does not necessarily limit a water-scarce region to produce less water-intensive crops. Research limitations/implications The model uses an input-output framework whose fixed coefficients reflect a fixed technological state. As such, the model is best used for short-term projections, or projections for mature technological state (i.e. where no major gains in efficiency or yield can be foreseen). Practical implications The proposed modeling framework can be used in any geographic region (provided relevant statistical data are available for calibration) to provide decision support for optimal use of limited water resources. Originality/value The model proposed in this work has general applicability to the optimal planning of agro-industrial systems under water footprint constraints. This modeling approach will be particularly valuable in the future, as climate change causes changes in precipitation patterns and water availability.

scholarly journals Applying input-output analysis method for calculation of water footprint and virtual water trade in Gansu Province

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (20) ◽  
pp. 6481-6488 ◽  
Author(s):  
蔡振华 CAI Zhenhua ◽  
沈来新 SHEN Laixin ◽  
刘俊国 LIU Junguo ◽  
赵旭 ZHAO Xu
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Input Output Analysis

scholarly journals Inter-Regional Agricultural Virtual Water Flow in China Based on Volumetric and Impact-Oriented Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) Approach

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Yingying Ren ◽  
Kai Huang ◽  
Yajuan Yu ◽  
Jingru Hu
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
North China ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Virtual Water Flow ◽  
Net Export

Virtual water trading is an effective strategy to alleviate water shortage. Several different methods have been developed to achieve quantitative description and evaluation of virtual water, which can be broadly divided into volumetric and impact-oriented water footprint approaches. The former focuses on the consumption of water resources, while the latter puts greater emphasis on assessing the water use impacts. Based on the volumetric and impact-oriented water footprint, this paper conducted a comprehensive study on the virtual water flow of agricultural products among regions in China. The results show that different water footprint evaluation methods have different tendencies in evaluating virtual water flow. Volumetric virtual water mainly flows from northwest and northeast China to north and east China, while impact-oriented virtual water mainly flows from northwest and central south China to east and north China. Northwest China is the largest net export region of agricultural virtual water, and it is dominated by direct water consumption. In addition, we compared the net export volume of virtual water and the water shortage situation among regions in China. North China, where the water shortage is very serious, mainly relies on external water sources, while northwest China, which also faces a water shortage problem, exports a large amount of virtual water to external sources. The findings of this study highlight the importance of taking full account of the response measures in both cases when formulating policies. In other words, the virtual water strategy should consider water quantity and water quality simultaneously.

scholarly journals Water Footprint Assessment pada komoditas padi, jagung, dan kedelai di wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta untuk mendukung sistem pertanian berkelanjutan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Fathi Alfinur Rizqi ◽  
Sri Nuryani Utami
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Development Goals

Populasi penduduk Indonesia diperkirakan akan mencapai 350 juta pada tahun 2045, mendorong Indonesia untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan pangan 3% setiap tahunnya. Program Upaya Khusus (Upsus) Padi Jagung Kedelai (Pajale), menjadi salah satu program unggulan pemerintah dalam menjawab tantangan ini. Di sisi lain, tekanan lingkungan memberikan batas jelas untuk melaksanakan proses budidaya pertanian berkelanjutan. Sebagaimana dua tujuan dari Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) adalah menghentikan kelaparan dan kepastian akses terhadap air. Konsep air virtual (virtual water) hadir sebagai salah satu alternatif konsep berserta alat hitung air yang diperlukan dalam sebuah proses produksi pertanian. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi air virtual untuk komoditas padi, jagung, dan kedelai di wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Analisa dalam penelitian ini menghasilkan nilai tapak air yang terdiri dari blue water, green water, dan grey water. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa water footprint tahunan kedelai merupakan yang tertinggi dengan 2.589 m3/ton disusul padi ladang, jagung, dan padi sawah sebesar 1.280 m3/ton; 844 m3/ton; 841 m3/ton. Hasil ini disebabkan oleh tingkat produktivitas yang semakin tinggi nilainya maka akan menghasil nilai water footprint akan semakin rendah. Pelaksanaan penelitian ini mengungkap faktor yang mempengaruhi jumlah air yang diperlukan untuk memproduksi komoditas pertanian. Pemilihan lokasi, kondisi iklim, jenis tanaman, teknik budidaya hingga penggunaan pupuk merupakan faktor yang perlu diperhatikan untuk dapat menekan penggunaan air dalam proses produksi pertanian. Dengan demikian, tujuan pelaksanaan budidaya pertanian yang berkelanjutan dapat terwujud.

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