scholarly journals PERSIAN LEXICAL LOANWORDS IN SWAHILI

2020 ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
Рамиль Тагирович Юзмухаметов
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Lexical Composition ◽  
Muslim Culture ◽  
Russian Dictionary

Статья посвящена исследованию персидских лексических заимствований в языке суахили. Язык суахили является официальным языком ряда государств в Восточной Африке, таких как Танзания, Кения, Уганда, Коморские острова и др., эти страны можно считать родиной суахили. Актуальность исследования определяется интересом к распространению персидской заимствованной лексики в Восточной Африке параллельно с интересом к вопросу истории появления мусульманской культуры в Восточной Африке. Несмотря на то что арабские заимствования проникали в языки банту одновременно с персидскими словами, в этой статье рассмотрены исключительно персидские слова с целью подробнее исследовать тематические и структурные группы персидских заимствований, фонетические, морфологические и лексико-семантические изменения в них. Методологической и теоретической базой для исследования стали труды отечественных и зарубежных языковедов и африканистов, изучавших историю языка суахили, его строение, лексический состав, а также этническую структуру общества в Восточной Африке. Материалом для исследования послужили заимствованные из персидского языка слова, зафиксированные в «Суахили-русском словаре» под редакцией Н. В. Громовой. В лексическом составе языка суахили содержится значительное количество иностранных заимствований, что отражает разные периоды истории колонизации и освоения Восточной Африки. Персидских слов в суахили содержится порядка тридцати. Они представлены главным образом конкретными именами, обозначающими различные бытовые понятия, имеется и несколько абстрактных слов, связанных с религией и общественным укладом жизни. В морфологическом, фонологическом и лексико-семантическом плане обнаружены признаки глубокого усвоения иранизмов со стороны языка-реципиента - банту. The article is devoted to the study of Persian lexical borrowings in Swahili. Swahili is the official language of a number of states in East Africa; these are Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, the Comoros and others. These countries can be considered the homeland of Swahili. The relevance of the study is determined by interest in the distribution of Persian borrowed vocabulary in East Africa, along with interest in the issue of the history of the emergence of Muslim culture in East Africa. Despite the fact that Arabic borrowings penetrated the Bantu languages simultaneously with Persian words, this article exclusively discusses Persian words in order to study in more detail the thematic and structural groups of Persian borrowings, phonetic, morphological and lexical-semantic changes in them. The methodological and theoretical framework for this study was determined by works of the domestic and foreign linguists and africanists who studied the history of Swahili, its structural and lexical composition. The material for the study was taken from “Swahili-Russian Dictionary” (ed. N. V. Gromova). The lexical composition of Swahili contains a significant amount of foreign lexical borrowings, which reflects different periods of the history of colonization of East Africa. There are about thirty Persian words in Swahili. They are represented mainly by specific words denoting various everyday concepts, and there are several abstract words related to religion and the social way of life. On the morphological, phonological, and lexical-semantic plane, signs of a deep assimilation of Iranisms by the recipient language, Bantu, were found

Features of social adaptation of ethnic groups in modern conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
N.S. Badalova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Geographical Isolation ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Modern Era

Discussed are actual questions of a sociological analysis of the social adaptation of various ethnic groups, since globalization disrupts the natural course of this process. We consider it important to preserve the ethnic identity of each nation, subject to their active participation in modern general civilizational development, in order to make a worthy contribution. In order to identify the characteristic features of social adaptation of ethnic groups, two were selected: Khinalugs and Talyshs. The method of analyzing the history of the development and formation of these peoples and the modern conditions of their life revealed the characteristic features of social adaptation here. The considered facts and tendencies in the vital activity of the indicated nationalities gave grounds to draw the following conclusions. In the life of the Hinalugians, their geographical isolation from the rest of the world played a decisive role, which helped them to preserve their unique language and way of life. Now, thanks to the expanded possibilities of communication, this village is exposed to the active influence of the outside world, which fundamentally changes the nature and possibilities of social adaptation of each subsequent generation of people. The Talyshs, being a larger ethnic unit, were subjected to assimilation and other influences of the external world more actively. Despite this, they managed for many decades to preserve their originality. In the modern era of globalization, the general social processes actively influence the process of their social adaptation. Thus, the self-consciousness of the ethnos is destroyed, the self-consciousness of the national identity is formed.

A New Handwritten Dictionary of the Komi-Zyryan Language in the History of Komi Lexicography

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Galina V. Fedyuneva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lexical Composition ◽  
Russian Dictionary

The article presents an analysis of the lexical composition of the newly discovered Zyryan-Russian dictionary of the 17th century and clarifies its place in the history of Komi lexicography. The article solves the problems of classification of lexicographic monuments and systematization of approaches to their description, and reveals gaps in research that has not been conducted since the mid-20th century. The currently known lexicographic monuments of the Komi language are limited to the dictionary materials of D.G. Messerschmidt, F.I. Stralenberg, G.F. Miller, P.S. Pallas and I.I. Lepekhin; the materials were collected during their expeditions in the 1720s–1770s. Unlike the church monuments of the Old Komi language of the 14th–17th and 18th centuries, the materials have not yet received a thorough archaeographic description, textual analysis and cultural and historical interpretation. The new Zyryan-Russian dictionary, discovered as part of the manuscript collection of the monk Prokhor Kolomnyatin and accurately dated (1668), is the earliest monument in the history of Komi lexicography today. The dictionary is interesting because it belongs to the period almost undocumented by written evidence and differs from all existing monuments in its dialect basis. The article describes the structure of the dictionary, thoroughly analyzes the lexical composition and presents most of its content, and reveals parallels with the dictionary materials of other monuments. The Russian-Komi dictionary-phrasebook that I.I. Lepekhin found and published in his Diary Notes is considered in more detail. Later V.I. Lytkin reprinted and deciphered the phrasebook, as well as made commentaries on it in his Old Permic Language (1952); thus, it became an auxiliary material for the reconstruction of the Old Komi language of the 14th–17th centuries. The dictionary dates back to the 18th century, although it has not been subjected to serious cultural-historical and chronological attribution. The newly discovered monument, unlike Lepekhin’s dictionary created by the type of translated old Russian dictionaries-phrasebooks based on the Russian questionnaire, reflects the live Komi-Zyryan language of the second half of the 17th century. It does not contain typical phrases, phrases from dialogues and connected texts that are typical of translated phrasebooks. There is only a certain tendency towards a thematic presentation of the material, although not always consistent. Like the dictionary materials contained in the draft papers of Russian and foreign travellers of the 18th century, the vocabulary of the new dictionary was written by the author of the collection directly from the words of a native speaker (or native speakers) of the Komi language in order to fix it and, apparently, was not intended for communicative use. Unlike the existing dictionary materials, which often contain short lists of Komi numerals, the new dictionary contains a consistent detailed money vocabulary list, from “denga” to “thousand rubles”. Numerical values are given in the Cyrillic numeral system using letters, which is undoubtedly of interest for ethnohistorical research and Russian paleography.

Slums on Screen

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Krstić
Keyword(s):  
Media Culture ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Slumdog Millionaire ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cinematic City ◽  
Media Practices ◽  
North And South ◽  
The Way

Despite the rise of the ‘cinematic city’ as an acknowledged paradigm in film and urban studies, ‘cinematic slums’ have remained severely under-researched, even though near to one billion people – almost one third of the global urban population – call slums their home. Accordingly, the author asks how this hard and unyielding way of life was depicted on screen; how have filmmakers engaged historically and across the globe with the social conditions of what is often perceived as the world’s most miserable habitats? Combining approaches from the social sciences and the humanities, the book provides an interdisciplinary perspective while outlining a transnational history of films that either document or fictionalise the favelas, shantytowns, Elendsviertel, gecekondu, barrios populares or chawls of our diverse ‘planet of slums’, exploring the way accelerated urbanisation has intersected with an increasingly interconnected global film and media culture. From Jacob Riis’s How The Other Half Lives (1890) to Danny Boyle’s Slumdog Millionaire (2008), the volume provides a number of close readings of slum representations of different historical periods and regions to outline how contemporary film and media practices relate to their past predecessors. It focuses thereby particularly on the way filmmakers, both north and south of the equator, have repeatedly grappled with, rejected or continuously modified documentary and realist modes of representation to convey life in our ‘planet of slums’.

‘SLOW REVOLUTION’ IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: HOUSEHOLD BIOSOCIAL REPRODUCTION AND REGIONAL ENTANGLEMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF CATTLE-KEEPING AMONG NGUNI-SPEAKERS, NINTH TO THIRTEENTH CENTURY CE

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raevin Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Broad Context ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

AbstractIn the eleventh to thirteenth century, Southern African Nguni-speakers made a counterintuitive choice to begin investing in large herds of cattle. Despite a long-standing knowledge of cattle, the earliest Nguni-speakers did not take to cattle-keeping as a way of life. Rather, the transition came as the result of changing social circumstances as households sought to manage the lifecycles of young men and reliably exploit their labor through gendered and generational expectations of decorum. Nguni-speakers grounded new concepts about cattle in older practices and norms regarding the social reproduction of young men. Agropastoralists situated cattle-keeping among the obligations young men faced after passing through initiation, giving cattle local salience. The transformation unfolded in gendered and generational household choices, but was shaped by the broad context of an increasingly interconnected Southern Africa.

scholarly journals PROPHETS AND PRIESTS OF THE NATION: NAGUIB MAHFOUZ'SKARNAK CAFÉAND THE 1967 CRISIS IN EGYPT

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Geer
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Cognitive Structure ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
History Of ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
The 1960S

This quote from a character in the 1974 novelAl-Karnak(Karnak Café) by Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006) sums up the reaction of millions of people in Egypt and the Arab world to the June 1967 Arab–Israeli war. Why did this war shatter their worldviews? A military defeat may occur for purely military reasons, in this case the better preparation of Israeli troops. Why should it cast doubt on a whole way of life? The answer to this question lies in the social and cognitive structure of nationalism, which I examine in a moment of crisis, after the 1967 war, when it became necessary for nationalist intellectuals to debate issues that had previously been taken for granted.Al-Karnak, which was made into a highly profitable and controversial film, provides a good starting point for studying these debates. However, it is important to understand them as products of the nationalist project of which Mahfouz was a part. I first analyze the history of that project, explaining its raison d'être and its success by the 1960s.

scholarly journals El Sistema de Estados Internacional después del Neoliberalismo: Europa entre la Democracia Nacional y la Centralización Supranacional

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-123
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Streeck
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Karl Polanyi ◽  
The Social ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trickle Down

En 1945 Karl Polanyi esbozó una visión de un sistema estatal global en tiempos de paz con una economía política en la que los países pequeños podrían ser soberanos y democráticos. Este ensayo ofrece una perspectiva histórica y comparativa entre el pasado y el presente a la luz del pensamiento polanyiano. Se presta especial atención a la historia de la Unión Europea, que tras el fin del comunismo se convirtió en un pilar del proyecto neoliberal y culminó con la restauración de un patrón oro internacional bajo la Unión Monetaria. Durante la crisis de 2008 el avance del neoliberalismo se enfrentó, no obstante, a la resistencia «populista», a la austeridad y al cambio de gobernanza del nivel nacional al supranacional. El artículo explora las perspectivas de los intentos actuales de reemplazar la «Europa social» y las narrativas economicistas trickle-down, y de la formación de superestados europeos, que han perdido toda credibilidad, por una historia sobre un ejército europeo como condición necesaria para una defensa exitosa del European way of life. In 1945 Karl Polanyi outlined a vision of a peacetime global state system with a political economy in which small countries could be both sovereign and democratic. The present essay reviews developments between then and now in the light of Polanyi’s analytical framework. Particular attention is paid to the history of the European Union, which after the end of Communism turned into a mainstay of the neoliberal project, culminating in its restoration of an international gold standard under Monetary Union. In the crisis of 2008 the advance of neoliberalism got stuck due to «populist» resistance to austerity and the shift of governance from the national to a supranational level. The paper explores the prospects of current attempts to replace the «Social Europe» and «trickle-down» narratives of European superstate formation, which have lost all credit, with a story about a European army as a necessary condition of a successful defense of «the European way of life».

scholarly journals MOVIMENTOS CONTRA-HEGEMÔNICOS: o papel da mulher na agricultura campesina

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Aline Cristina Nascimento ◽  
Rosimary Gomes Rocha ◽  
Marcelo Rodrigues Mendonça
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Agrarian Question ◽  
Mouvements Sociaux ◽  
The Social ◽  
Milieu Rural ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Women

COUNTER-HEGEMONONIC MOVEMENTS: the social role of women in peasant agricultureMOUVEMENTS CONTRE-HÉGEMONIQUES: le rôle des femmes dans l'agriculture paysanneO artigo pretende destacar, em primeiro lugar, o conceito e as características do campesinato brasileiro, bem como identificar esse campesinato como uma força contra-hegemônica de resistência ao capital no campo, a partir da noção de globalização contra-hegemônica desenvolvida por Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Em segundo lugar, busca realizar um histórico da questão agrária brasileira e analisar a inserção da mulher nos movimentos sociais camponeses que se insurgiram historicamente contra a exploração e a opressão do modo de vida camponês. Por fim, procura ressaltar a relevância do papel da mulher nos processos de resistência no campo e destacar, assim, sua luta pela reforma agrária, pela viabilização de políticas públicas para a agricultura que garantam a permanência no campo, a produção de alimentos saudáveis e a construção de um Projeto Popular de Agricultura Camponesa.Palavras-chave: Campesinato Brasileiro; Movimentos Contra-hegemônicos; Questão Agrária; Mulher no Campo; Ecofeminismo.ABSTRACTThis article intends to highlight, firstly, the concept and characteristics of the Brazilian peasantry, as well as to identify this peasantry as a counter-hegemonic resistance against the capital in the field, from notions of counter-hegemonic globalization developed by Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Secondly, it seeks to make a history of the brazilian agrarian question and analyze the insertion of women into peasant social movements that have historically insurged against the exploitation and oppression of the peasant way of life. Finally, it seeks to emphasize the relevance of the role of women in the processes of resistance in the countryside and to highlight thus, their struggle for agrarian reform, the viability of public policies for agriculture that guarantee the permanence in the field, the production of healthy foods and construction of a Popular Peasant Agriculture Project.Keywords: Brazilian Peasantry; Counter-hegemonic Movements; Agrarian Question; Women in the Field; Ecofeminism.RÈSUMÈCet article a pour objectif de mettre en évidence dans un premier temps, le concept et les caractéristiques de la paysannerie brésilienne et de l’identifier comme une résistance contre-hégémonique de force au capital rural, utilisant la notion de mondialisation contre-hégémonique développée par Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Dans un second temps, de faire un exposé chronologique de la question agraire brésilienne et d’analyser l'insertion des femmes dans les mouvements sociaux paysans qui se sont rebellés historiquement contre l'exploitation et de l'oppression du mode de vie paysan. Enfin, il cherche à montrer le rôle important des femmes dans les processus de résistance mettant en évidence leur lutte pour la réforme agraire par l’insertion de politiques publiques pour l'agriculture qui garantissent la permanence dans le milieu rural, la production d'aliments sains et la construction d'un projet populaire d’agriculture paysanne.Mots-clés: Paysannerie Brésilienne; Mouvements Contre-hégémoniques; Question Agraire; Femme du Milieu Rural; Eco Féminisme.

Equestris Ordo: Chivalry as a Vocation in the Twelfth Century

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Morris
Keyword(s):  
Way Of Life ◽  
First Crusade ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Degree

The motives of individuals are necessarily conditioned by the expectations of society. Some walks of life are recognised as demanding a high degree of self-sacrifice and noble motivation, as being (in modern terms) vocations. Others are careers worthy of esteem, and yet others are condemned, so that it is supposed that no ethically minded person would engage in them. As the social structure changes there is an adaptation in the pattern of esteem, and an interesting example of this process is provided by the new thinking about knighthood which emerged in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries. So much has been written about chivalry that a broad review of the subject is out of the question in this paper, but it may be of interest to re-examine it in the light of this theme. An appropriate starting-point is provided by a passage from the history of the first crusade written about 1110 by Guibert of Nogent:In our time God has instituted holy warfare so that the knightly order (ordo equestris) and the unsettled populace, who used to be engaged like the pagans of old in slaughtering one another, should find a new way of deserving salvation. No longer are they obliged to leave the world and choose a monastic way of life, as used to be the case, or some religious profession, but in their accustomed liberty and habit, by performing their own office, they may in some measure achieve the grace of God.

scholarly journals ISLAMIC VIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Dini Nur Islamiyati
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The West ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Complete Concept ◽  
Islamic View

Human Right is an important issue to be discussed, moreover in the West countries. This is because Human Right is talking about human being.� Eventhough� this� concept� was� born� and� developed� in� the West, but East countries, which Islam becomes the majority, adapt this concept slowly to be included in the state law. Islamic concept is believed as the way of life by its adherents. Islam according to its adherents is a complete concept that rule every aspects in the human�s life, no exception in the regulation of Human Right. Islam as a religion means rahmatan lil �alamin, which means mercy for the universe, even in the social injustice Islam regulates about the concept of Human Right. This article purposes to know about the history of Human Right and how Islam views the concept of it.

scholarly journals Anthropology of daily life in the social memory of Soviet women scientists (using the example of Novosibirsk, the years 1950-ths — the beginning of the 1990-ths)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 220-223
Author(s):  
N. L. Pushkareva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Women Scientists ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Female Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Social Status

In this article the author revelas the way of life and daily life of women scientists in regional scientific centers unsing the example of Novosibirsk Academic Town. The basis for this research was the recollections of women about the process of creation of Novosibirsk scientific center. Having analyzed the history of the evolution of daily life space from the point of view of women’s perception and female type of memorization the author comes to the conclusion that Novosibirsk Academic Town formed a specific type of daily life culture for women. The author also points out that the high social status and a certain number of pivileges for scientists made the wives of scientists dependent on their husbands, predetermining the conditions of saving the marriage and becoming an obstacle for their careers.

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