scholarly journals A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

10.3791/51003 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca DeBenedictis ◽  
J. Bruce Morton
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

Consciousness and control: The argument from developmental psychology

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
Philip David Zelazo ◽  
Douglas Frye
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Voluntary Control ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Control ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

Limitations of Dienes & Perner's (D&P's) theory are traced to the assumption that the higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness is true. D&P claim that 18-month-old children are capable of explicitly representing factuality, from which it follows (on D&P's theory) that they are capable of explicitly representing content, attitude, and self. D&P then attempt to explain 3-year-olds' failures on tests of voluntary control such as the dimensional change card sort by suggesting that at this age children cannot represent content and attitude explicitly. We provide a better levels-of-consciousness account for age-related abulic dissociations between knowledge and action.

scholarly journals Processing of Code-Switched Sentences in Noise by Bilingual Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1283-1302
Author(s):  
Megan C. Gross ◽  
Haliee Patel ◽  
Margarita Kaushanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Language Ability ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Language Measures ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of code-switching on bilingual children's online processing and offline comprehension of sentences in the presence of noise. In addition, the study examined individual differences in language ability and cognitive control skills as moderators of children's ability to process code-switched sentences in noise. Method The participants were 50 Spanish–English bilingual children, ages 7;0–11;8 (years;months). Children completed an auditory moving window task to examine whether they processed sentences with code-switching more slowly and less accurately than single-language sentences in the presence of noise. They completed the Dimensional Change Card Sort task to index cognitive control and standardized language measures in English and Spanish to index relative language dominance and overall language ability. Results Children were significantly less accurate in answering offline comprehension questions about code-switched sentences presented in noise compared to single-language sentences, especially for their dominant language. They also tended to exhibit slower processing speed, but costs did not reach significance. Language ability had an overall effect on offline comprehension but did not moderate the effects of code-switching. Cognitive control moderated the extent to which offline comprehension costs were affected by language dominance. Conclusions The findings of the current study suggest that code-switching, especially in the presence of background noise, may place additional demands on children's ability to comprehend sentences. However, it may be the processing of the nondominant language, rather than code-switching per se, that is especially difficult in the presence of noise.

scholarly journals Dimensional Change Card Sorting of American Children: Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns of Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. p72
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
White Children ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Age Related ◽  
American Children ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

Background: While age is associated with an increase in cognitive flexibility and executive functioning as a result of normal development during childhood, less is known about the effect of racial variation in children’s age-related cognitive development. The Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) phenomenon suggests that, under racism, social stratification, segregation, and discrimination, individual-level economic and non-economic resources and assets show weaker effects on children’s development for marginalized, racialized, and minoritized families. Aim: We conducted this study to compare racial groups of children for age-related changes in their card sorting abilities. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10,414 9-10-year-old American children. Data came from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was age, a continuous variable measured in months. The dependent variable was Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) score, which reflected cognitive flexibility, and was measured by the NIH Dimensional Change Card Sort. Ethnicity, sex, parental education, and marital status were the covariates. Results: Older age was associated with higher DCCS score, reflecting a higher card-sorting ability and cognitive flexibility. However, age showed a weaker association with DCCS for Black than for White children. This was documented by a significantly negative interaction between race and age on children’s DCCS scores. Conclusion: Age shows a weaker correlation with the cognitive flexibility of Black than of White children. A similar pattern can be seen when comparing low-income with high-income children. Conceptualizing race as a social factor that alters normal childhood development is a finding that is in line with MDRs. Marginalization due to social stratification and racism interfere with the normal age-related cognitive development of American children.

Multiple Processes Underlying Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance: A Developmental Electrophysiological Investigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 3267-3279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Waxer ◽  
J. Bruce Morton
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Imperative Stimulus ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

Cognitive flexibility follows a protracted developmental trajectory [Morton, J. B. Understanding genetic, neurophysiological, and experiential influences on the development of executive functioning: The need for developmental models. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2010]. For example, performance and patterns of brain activity associated with the dimensional change card sort (DCCS) show continued age-related changes into early adolescence. According to many theoretical accounts, the DCCS places demands on a single underlying executive process. In the present study, we investigated the possibility that multiple processes unfold within the timeframe of a single DCCS trial through the use of ERPs. Children (n = 40), adolescents (n = 20), and adults (n = 20) performed a modified version of the DCCS with distinct instruction cue- and stimulus-related periods. On any particular trial, the sorting rule either changed (i.e., switch trials) or remained the same (i.e., repeat trials), and the imperative stimulus either embodied conflict (i.e., bivalent stimuli) or did not (i.e., univalent stimuli). Findings were consistent with the hypothesis that multiple distinct executive processes unfold within a single trial. First, for all age groups, rule switching and conflict processing made additive contributions to variability in RT. Second, ERPs time-locked to the instruction cue revealed a late frontal negativity whose amplitude was greater for switch trials relative to repeat trials and that was associated with the magnitude of the behavioral switch cost, whereas ERPs time-locked to the imperative stimulus revealed a fronto-central N2 whose amplitude was greater for bivalent than univalent stimuli and that was associated with the magnitude of the behavioral conflict cost. Finally, switch and conflict-related processes showed distinct developmental trajectories. Taken together, the findings suggest that multiple executive processes underlie DCCS performance and its development. Theoretical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Not Quite as Grown-Up as We Like to Think

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Diamond ◽  
Natasha Kirkham
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Sensitive Measure ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

Greater continuity in cognition between children and adults may exist than is usually appreciated. It was thought that after 3 to 4 years of age, the problem in switching on the dimensional-change card-sort task disappears. We show here, however, that if speed is used as the dependent measure, the effect of the first dimension is evident even in adults. Adults, like preschoolers, show difficulty in switching from a block of sorting by color or shape to a block of sorting by the other dimension. Notably, performance throughout the session was affected by the first dimension by which stimuli were sorted. We hypothesize that perhaps adults never fully outgrow any of the cognitive and perceptual biases of infancy and early childhood. Other examples of such biases that appear to still be present in adults are discussed. Conversely, the assumption that the optimal dependent measure for adults is the most sensitive measure for children is questioned.

Appendix: Summary of Versions of the Dimensional Change Card Sort Used

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-123
Author(s):  
Philip David Zelazo ◽  
Ulrich Muller ◽  
Douglas Frye ◽  
Stuart Marcovitch
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

scholarly journals Emotion understanding in preschool children

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Costa Martins ◽  
Ana Osório ◽  
Manuela Veríssimo ◽  
Carla Martins
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Emotion Understanding ◽  
Language Ability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Peabody Picture Vocabulary ◽  
Card Sort ◽  
R Language ◽  
Dimensional Change Card Sort

This investigation was aimed at studying the relations between executive functions (EFs) and categorical emotion understanding while controlling for preschoolers’ IQ, language ability and theory of mind (ToM). Specifically, we wanted to analyse the association between emotion understanding and set shifting, due to the lack of studies with this EF. Data of 75 children aged 4½ years (52% boys) was collected in two laboratory visits. Emotion understanding was assessed using the Emotion Recognition Questionnaire, inhibitory control using the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task and set shifting using a version of the Dimensional Change Card Sort task. IQ was evaluated using the WPPSI-R, language using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Revised; and ToM using six standardized tasks. Set shifting, but not inhibitory control, predicted emotion understanding, over and above mothers’ age, and children’s IQ, language ability, and ToM. Mothers’ age and children’s language ability were also significant predictors in the final regression model. Results suggest that the capacity to shift mental sets is linked with inter-individual differences in children’s understanding of situational causes of emotion. Therefore studying EFs as correlates of emotion understanding is an important focus of future research.

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