scholarly journals Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits

10.3791/50915 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Lee ◽  
Ying-Wan Lam ◽  
Kazuo Imaizumi ◽  
S. Murray Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Photostimulation

scholarly journals Aberrant development of excitatory circuits to inhibitory neurons in the primary visual cortex after neonatal binocular enucleation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongkang Deng ◽  
Joseph P. Y. Kao ◽  
Patrick O. Kanold
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Retinal Input ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Ampa And Nmda Receptors ◽  
Laser Scanning Photostimulation

AbstractThe development of GABAergic interneurons is important for the functional maturation of cortical circuits. After migrating into the cortex, GABAergic interneurons start to receive glutamatergic connections from cortical excitatory neurons and thus gradually become integrated into cortical circuits. These glutamatergic connections are mediated by glutamate receptors including AMPA and NMDA receptors and the ratio of AMPA to NMDA receptors decreases during development. Since previous studies have shown that retinal input can regulate the early development of connections along the visual pathway, we investigated if the maturation of glutamatergic inputs to GABAergic interneurons in the visual cortex requires retinal input. We mapped the spatial pattern of glutamatergic connections to layer 4 (L4) GABAergic interneurons in mouse visual cortex at around postnatal day (P) 16 by laser-scanning photostimulation and investigated the effect of binocular enucleations at P1/P2 on these patterns. Gad2-positive interneurons in enucleated animals showed an increased fraction of AMPAR-mediated input from L2/3 and a decreased fraction of input from L5/6. Parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons showed similar changes in relative connectivity. NMDAR-only input was largely unchanged by enucleation. Our results show that retinal input sculpts the integration of interneurons into V1 circuits and suggest that the development of AMPAR- and NMDAR-only connections might be regulated differently.

scholarly journals Subpopulation-specific patterns of intrinsic connectivity in mouse superficial dorsal horn as revealed by laser scanning photostimulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 591 (7) ◽  
pp. 1935-1949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masafumi Kosugi ◽  
Go Kato ◽  
Stanislav Lukashov ◽  
Gautam Pendse ◽  
Zita Puskar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Superficial Dorsal Horn ◽  
Intrinsic Connectivity ◽  
Laser Scanning Photostimulation

scholarly journals Thalamocortical And Intracortical Inputs Differentiate Layer-Specific Mouse Auditory Corticocollicular Neurons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. Slater ◽  
Stacy K. Sons ◽  
Daniel A. Llano
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Inhibitory Input ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
Cortical Layers ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
Laser Scanning Photostimulation ◽  
Descending Projections

AbstractLong-range descending projections from the auditory cortex play key roles in shaping response properties in the inferior colliculus. The auditory corticocollicular projection is massive and heterogeneous, with axons emanating from cortical layers 5 and 6, and plays a key role in directing plastic changes in the inferior colliculus. However, little is known about the cortical and thalamic networks within which corticocollicular neurons are embedded. Here, laser scanning photostimulation glutamate uncaging and photoactivation of channelrhodopsin-2 were used to probe the local and long-range network differences between pre-identified mouse layer 5 and layer 6 auditory corticocollicular neurons in vitro. Layer 5 corticocollicular neurons were found to vertically integrate supragranular excitatory and inhibitory input to a substantially greater degree than their layer 6 counterparts. In addition, all layer 5 corticocollicular neurons received direct and large thalamic inputs from channelrhodopsin-2 labeled thalamocortical fibers whereas such inputs were less common in layer 6 corticocollicular neurons. Finally, a new low calcium/synaptic blockade approach to separate direct from indirect inputs using laser photostimulation was validated. These data demonstrate that layer 5 and 6 corticocollicular neurons receive distinct sets of cortical and thalamic inputs, supporting the hypothesis that they have divergent roles in modulating the inferior colliculus. Furthermore, the direct connection between the auditory thalamus and layer 5 corticocollicular neurons reveals a novel and rapid link connecting ascending and descending pathways.

scholarly journals Different Topography of the Reticulothalmic Inputs to First- and Higher-Order Somatosensory Thalamic Relays Revealed Using Photostimulation

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 2903-2909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Wan Lam ◽  
S. Murray Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Thalamic Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Laser Scanning Photostimulation ◽  
Lateral Nucleus

The thalamic reticular nucleus is a layer of GABAergic neurons that occupy a strategic position between the thalamus and cortex. Here we used laser scanning photostimulation to compare in young mice (9–12 days old) the organization of the reticular inputs to first- and higher-order somatosensory relays, namely, the ventral posterior lateral nucleus and posterior nucleus, respectively. The reticulothalamic input footprints to the ventral posterior lateral nucleus neurons consisted of small, single, topographically organized elliptical regions in a tier away from the reticulothalamic border. In contrast, those to the posterior nucleus were complicated and varied considerably among neurons: although almost all contained a single elliptical region near the reticulothalamic border, in most cases, they consisted of additional discontinuous regions or relatively diffuse regions throughout the thickness of the thalamic reticular nucleus. Our results suggest two sources of reticular inputs to the posterior nucleus neurons: one that is relatively topographic from regions near the reticulothalamic border and one that is relatively diffuse and convergent from most or all of the thickness of the thalamic reticular nucleus. We propose that the more topographic reticular input is the basis of local inhibition seen in posterior nucleus neurons and that the more diffuse and convergent input may represent circuitry through which the ventral posterior lateral and posterior nuclei interact.

scholarly journals Transient coupling between subplate and subgranular layers to L1 neurons before and during the critical period

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangying Meng ◽  
Yanqing Xu ◽  
Joseph P. Y. Kao ◽  
Patrick O. Kanold
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Inhibitory Circuits ◽  
Sensory Activity ◽  
Laser Scanning Photostimulation

AbstractCortical layer 1 (L1) contains a diverse population of interneurons which can modulate processing in superficial cortical layers but the intracortical sources of synaptic input to these neurons and how these inputs change over development is unknown. We here investigated the changing intracortical connectivity to L1 in primary auditory cortex (A1) in slices of mouse A1 across development using laser-scanning photostimulation. Before P10 L1 cells receive most excitatory input from within L1, L2/3, L4 and L5/6 as well as the subplate. Excitatory inputs from all layers increase and peak during P10-P16, the peak of the critical period. Inhibitory inputs followed a similar pattern. Functional circuit diversity in L1 emerges after P16. In adult, L1 neurons receive ascending inputs from superficial L2/3 and subgranular L5/6, but only few inputs from L4. A subtype of L1 neurons, NDNF+ neurons, follow a similar pattern, suggesting that transient hyperconnectivity is a universal feature of developing cortical circuits. Our results demonstrate that deep excitatory and superficial inhibitory circuits are tightly linked in early development and might provide a functional scaffold for the layers in between. These results suggest that early thalamic driven spontaneous and sensory activity in subplate can be relayed to L1 from the earliest ages on, that the critical period is characterized by high transient columnar hyperconnectivity, and that in particular circuits originating in L5/6 and subplate might play a key role.

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