scholarly journals Phytochemical Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Study of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Acalypha wilkesiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 715-720
Author(s):  
Anthony Osamuyi Iyamu ◽  
Uwaifoh Akpamu ◽  
Karen Uwarobehi Iyamu
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Acalypha Wilkesiana

Increased curiosity on natural plant products has been raised due to problems of cost, unavailability, and after-effects of countless synthetic drugs. Worrisome, many plant-derived formulations lack phytochemically or toxicological screening. Hence, this study phytochemical and elemental screened the ethanolic leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana and as well as determining acute toxicity in adult male Wistar rats. The leaves were obtained in Benin City, Nigeria. Ethanol extraction was carried out on leaves and the extract was subjected to proximate, qualitative, and quantitative phytochemical screening and elemental analysis. Acute toxicity was determined on 12 adult male Wistar rats following Lork’s method. Proximate analysis revealed a high presence of carbohydrate, ash, fiber, and moisture. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation showed the abundance of alkaloids (68.7 ± 0.120%), flavonoids (34.7 ± 0.001%) and minute (<1mg/g) saponins, tannins, phenol, and terpenes. The extract contain nutritive (vitamin E = 1.184 ± 0.055µg/g; vitamin A = 0.0066 ± 0.003µg/g; vitamin C = 0.046 ± 0.037µg/g) and anti-nutritive (oxalates = 229.780 ± 16.93mg/100g; cyanide=0.162 ± 0.006 mg/100g; phytate = 0.131 ± 0.01mg/100g) elements. The elemental evaluation showed an abundance of potassium, sodium, and chloride with traces of cadmium and lead and the absence of manganese and copper. There was no sign of acute toxicity or mortality at an extract dose of 5000mg/kg. These findings indicate the ethanol leaf extract of A. wilkesiana as a rich source of phytochemicals and major macro elements and high safety at 5000mg/kg dose. Considering the several components in the leaves extract, Acalypha wilkesiana leaf might be pharmacological significant for the biological system.

scholarly journals Hepato-Renal Activities of Hydro-Methanol Leaf Extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius in Adult Male Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Ijeoma Ezebuiro ◽  
Avweresuoghene Ododo ◽  
Uchechukwu Ifeanyichukwu Apugo
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cnidoscolus Aconitifolius ◽  
Group I ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Introduction: Medicinal plants such as Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (CA) have been studied over the years for their protective and curative potentials against a myriad of common global health challenges such as hepatorenal injuries. Objectives: To ascertaining the effects of the hydromethanol leaf extract of CA (HMLECA) on hepato-renal parameters in adult male wistar rats. Method: A total of 18 adult male wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of six rats each. Group I served as the negative control which received distilled water while groups 2 and 3 served as extract treatment groups which received 200 and 400 mg/kg BW of the HMLECA respectively. The administration was daily for a period of 58 days while blood sample for the biochemical analysis was drawn via cardiac puncture at the end of the study following light chloroform anaesthesia. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the administration of both doses of the extract produced no significant (P<0.05) effect on the levels of serum liver enzyme (AST, ALT, ALP), TP, ALB, electrolytes (K+, Na+ and HCO3–), Creatinine and Urea while that of the 400 mg/kg BW produced significant (P<0.05) decrease in the level of TB and Cl –. Hence, the administration of the leaf extract in this study did not elicit any toxic effect on both the liver and kidney functions and could be effective as hepato-renal protective agent. Keywords: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Liver function, Liver enzymes, Renal function, Serum biochemicals, Serum electrolytes

scholarly journals Toxicity Studies of Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth Leaf Extract in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
M. M. Onakpa
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Striga hermonthica is a ubiquitous hemi-parasitic plant commonly known as witch-weed and is used in West Africa as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of an array of diseases. In this study, methanol leaf extract of S. hermonthica was used to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity effects in male Wistar rats. In the acute toxicity studies, Wistar rats were divided into six groups comprising of negative control and extract treated groups (250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg of extract orally). The rats were observed for 72 hours while in the sub-acute oral toxicity studies, the rats were divided into 4 groups consisting of 5 rats per group. The extract was administered orally at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg daily for 28 days to groups II, III and IV respectively while group I (negative control) received 2 ml of distilled water. The dose of 2000 mg/kg did not cause any mortality or signs of toxicity in the treated rats during the acute and subacute toxicity studies did not show any treatment-related abnormalities in the hematological (RBC, Hb, WBC, Lymphocytes) and biochemical (AST, ALT, ALP, TB, Glucose, HDL, LDL, Total protein, Albumin) parameters while the liver revealed lesions in the histopathology studies, there were no treatment-related lesions observed in the heart, lungs, pancreas and kidney whereas, the weight of rats did not show significant difference (p > 0.05) between the control and the treated groups. The study showed that S. hermonthica caused hepatotoxicity and could be potentially harmful for use. A more comprehensive research is recommended to investigate on its safe use and mode of action.

scholarly journals Comparison of Glycaemic Indices of Four Nigerian Staple Diets in Adult Male Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Odu Nwamaka Maureen ◽  
Attah Izuchukwu ` Solomon ◽  
Akor Joseph ◽  
Ugwoke Ifeanyi Faith ◽  
Okey Nwakaego Edith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The glycaemic indices (GI) of food paste made from wheat, corn, yam, flours and garri in apparently healthy rats using glucose as standard control and water as normal control were determined through  Laboratory-experimental design. This was achieved based on the effect of these different selected carbohydrate diets on postprandial glycaemia of the animal model which resulted on variable glucose response. The proximate analysis of the processed diet from wheat, corn and yam showed higher fat and protein contents than that of gari diet. Also, yam diet showed the lowest carbohydrate. The fibre content was shown to be higher in gari with the lowest in yam containing diet.  Each of these selected carbohydrate diets contained 56.85% starch. A total of eighteen (18) adult male wistar rats divided into six groups which consisted of three rats each were used in the course of this study. Animals were starved  throughout the night for twelve (12) hours and their blood glucose level tested at time zero, before the test food containing 2 grammes of carbohydrate per kilogramme body weight were cautiously administered. After a time interval of 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes, the blood glucose was determined. α-amylase digestibility of the yam, corn, and wheat diets were higher than that of garri diet. The glycaemic index of yam diet (73.8%) was the highest, followed by that of corn diet (70.4%), wheat diet (70.2%) and garri (61.5%). The glycaemic indices of all the rat diets were less than that of the glucose standard (100%). Comparatively, the glycaemic indices of yam, wheat and corn diets did not differ significantly (p>0.05), while that of garri was significantly (p<0.05) lower.

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