scholarly journals How COVID-19 lockdown has impacted demand curves of Croatia and surrounding countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Igor Vidić ◽  
Matija Melnjak ◽  
Davor Bošnjak
Keyword(s):  
Demand Curve ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Demand Curves ◽  
Electricity Load ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Electrical energy is a specific commodity because it can’t be stored in significant quantities, so accurate day-ahead forecasting of total consumption plays a crucial role in stable operation of the whole power system. In order to maintain the adequacy, power generation and electricity consumption have to be constantly in a balance. Electricity demand curve is very sensitive and vulnerable to a lot of different factors that can be categorized in several main groups that include social, stochastic and weather dependent factors. In condition of global pandemic caused by COVID 19, prediction of total consumption is even more challenging task. New restrictive rules, that completely changed behavior of consumers, their daily routine and habits, have been adopted in most of the European countries. Hence, this lockdown restrictive measures affected the volume of electricity consumption and the shape of demand curves as well. This paper analyzes some of the cases with very variable electricity load, due to volatile households’ behavior, on cases of Croatia and countries in the region. Additionally, results are compared with the electricity load of Italy and Sweden whose economy and industry are well developed. Consumption of Sweden was interesting to observe because of its totally different approach of mitigating corona virus, without lockdown restrictions.

scholarly journals Conditional Bias Robust Estimation of the Total of Curve Data by Sampling in a Finite Population: An Illustration on Electricity Load Curves

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-482
Author(s):  
Hervé Cardot ◽  
Anne De Moliner ◽  
Camelia Goga
Keyword(s):  
Finite Population ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Robust Estimators ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Error Estimators ◽  
Functional Methods ◽  
Electricity Load ◽  
Fine Time ◽  
Grid Management ◽  
Consumption Curve

Abstract For marketing or power grid management purposes, many studies based on the analysis of total electricity consumption curves of groups of customers are now carried out by electricity companies. Aggregated totals or mean load curves are estimated using individual curves measured at fine time grid and collected according to some sampling design. Due to the skewness of the distribution of electricity consumptions, these samples often contain outlying curves which may have an important impact on the usual estimation procedures. We introduce several robust estimators of the total consumption curve which are not sensitive to such outlying curves. These estimators are based on the conditional bias approach and robust functional methods. We also derive mean square error estimators of these robust estimators, and finally, we evaluate and compare the performance of the suggested estimators on Irish electricity data.

scholarly journals Short Term Forecasting of Electricity Load: A Comparison of Methods to Paiton Subsystem East Java & Bali

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Yunita Ardilla
Keyword(s):  
Multilayer Perceptron ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Electricity Load ◽  
Short Term Forecasting

Electricity consumption in Indonesia is expected to continue to grow by average of 6,5% per year until 2020. Therefore, PT. PLN had to make an effective subsystem that can provide electrical energy based on customer needs. The electrical energy is converted from the mechanical energy and can’t be stored. Because of that reason, if the electrical energy isn’t channeled properly then PT. PLN will suffer losses. It is necessary to plan a proper distribution system of electrical energy. The aim of this research is to predict short-term electricity consumption for Paiton’s subsystem in East Java Indonesia by using ARIMA and Multilayer Perceptron. The best model is measured based on MAPE, SMAPE, and RMSE value in data sample. The result of the analysis shows that Multilayer Perceptron method provides better accuracy rate for electricity consumption forecasting in Paiton subsystem based on peak load compared to ARIMA

Study of the operation of an artificial neural network that works in the electric network in order to prevent emergency conditions.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
D. Ostrenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Electric Networks ◽  
Electric Network ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Emergency Situations

Emergency modes in electrical networks, arising for various reasons, lead to a break in the transmission of electrical energy on the way from the generating facility to the consumer. In most cases, such time breaks are unacceptable (the degree depends on the class of the consumer). Therefore, an effective solution is to both deal with the consequences, use emergency input of the reserve, and prevent these emergency situations by predicting events in the electric network. After analyzing the source [1], it was concluded that there are several methods for performing the forecast of emergency situations in electric networks. It can be: technical analysis, operational data processing (or online analytical processing), nonlinear regression methods. However, it is neural networks that have received the greatest application for solving these tasks. In this paper, we analyze existing neural networks used to predict processes in electrical systems, analyze the learning algorithm, and propose a new method for using neural networks to predict in electrical networks. Prognostication in electrical engineering plays a key role in shaping the balance of electricity in the grid, influencing the choice of mode parameters and estimated electrical loads. The balance of generation of electricity is the basis of technological stability of the energy system, its violation affects the quality of electricity (there are frequency and voltage jumps in the network), which reduces the efficiency of the equipment. Also, the correct forecast allows to ensure the optimal load distribution between the objects of the grid. According to the experience of [2], different methods are usually used for forecasting electricity consumption and building customer profiles, usually based on the analysis of the time dynamics of electricity consumption and its factors, the identification of statistical relationships between features and the construction of models.

GIFFEN EFFECT MODEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1228-1245
Author(s):  
V.I. Tsurikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Demand Curves ◽  
Income Individual ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The mathematical model of the Giffen effect proposed in the article clearly demonstrates both the effect itself and the reasons for its manifestation. The main advantages of the model include its extreme simplicity, which opens up access to the widest circle of readers, the use of standard methods for solving the consumer choice problem, and the most important fundamental agreement with the results of the field experiment of Jensen and Miller. The model shows that any good for which there is a more expensive substitute can be of little value. This or that good is endowed with the appropriate property by a particular consumer due to his or her own preferences, income level and prevailing prices. Any good of little value, including those that can only be consumed by a high-income individual, may turn out to be Giffen’s goods. Therefore, the consumption of Giffen’s product cannot be considered as evidence of the low standard of living of the consumer. According to the model, an increase in demand for an increasingly expensive low-value good, which is the essence of the Giffen paradox, is the result of optimizing a set of goods, i.e. the result of rational consumer behavior. It is shown that for the manifestation of the Giffen effect, it is necessary that the amount of funds allocated by the consumer for the purchase of a low-value good and its more expensive substitute falls into a certain rather narrow range of values. The failures of numerous and long-term studies aimed at detecting empirical manifestations of Giffen behavior in various historical events are explained by the fact that the corresponding analysis was carried out on the basis of averaged rather than individual values of demand for all categories of consumers. As a result, the negative slope of the aggregate demand curve turned out to be dominant over the positive sections of certain individual demand curves.

scholarly journals Reducing the cost of electricity transmission services of industrial enterprises connected to the electric networks of electric power producers

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-383
Author(s):  
Anatoly P. Dzyuba
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Average Price ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Electric Networks ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Transport Component ◽  
The Cost

Reducing the cost of electricity consumption by industrial enterprises is the most important area of increasing the operational efficiency of their activities. The article is devoted to the issue of reducing the cost of paying for the service component of the transport component of purchased electrical energy from industrial enterprises that have technological connection to the electrical networks of electricity producers. The article makes an empirical study of the features of the pricing of payment for the services of the transport component of purchased electrical energy for industrial enterprises connected to the electric grids of electricity producers with the identification of factors influencing the overestimation of the cost of paid electricity, and calculating such overestimations using the example of a typical schedule of electricity consumption of a machinebuilding enterprise for various regions Russia. On the basis of the developed author's indicators (tariff coefficient for electricity transportation by the level of GNP, index of tariff coefficient for electricity transportation, weighted average price for electricity transportation, index of weighted average price for electricity transportation, integral index of efficiency of GNP tariffs) study of the effectiveness of the application of tariffs for the transport of electricity for industrial enterprises connected to the electric networks of electricity producers. Based on the calculated indicators, the article groups the regions into three main groups, with the development of recommendations for managing the cost of purchasing electricity by the component of the cost of the transport component of purchased electricity in each group. As the most optimal option for reducing the cost of electricity transportation, the author proposes the introduction of demand management for electricity consumption, which will reduce the costs of industrial enterprises that pay for the transport component of purchased electricity at unfavorable tariff configurations.

scholarly journals Photovoltaic Systems and Net Metering in Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3168-3171
Author(s):  
F. Mavromatakis ◽  
G. Viskadouros ◽  
H. Haritaki ◽  
G. Xanthos
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Local Loads ◽  
Electricity Bill ◽  
Net Metering ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Electrical Consumption

The latest measure for the development of photovoltaics in Greece utilizes the net-metering scheme. Under this scheme the energy produced by a PV system may be either consumed by the local loads or be injected to the grid. The final cost reported in an electricity bill depends upon the energy produced by the PV system, the energy absorbed from the grid and the energy injected to the grid. Consequently, the actual electricity consumption profile is important to estimate the benefit from the use of this renewable energy source. The state latest statistics in Greece for households reveal that the typical electrical consumption is 3750 kWh while 10244 kWh are consumed in the form of thermal energy. We adopt in our calculations the above amount of electrical energy but assume four different scenarios. These different hourly profiles are examined to study the effects of synchronization upon the final cost of energy. The above scenarios are applied to areas in different climate zones in Greece (Heraklion, Athens and Thessaloniki) to examine the dependence of the hourly profiles and the solar potential upon the financial data with respect to internal rate of return, payback times, net present value and the levelized cost of energy. These parameters are affected by the initial system cost and the financial parameters.

scholarly journals Calculations, norming and reducing of electrical energy losses in city electrical networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
A. V. Lykin ◽  
E. A. Utkin
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Network ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Electrical Networks

The article considers the feasibility of changing the structure of a distribution electrical network by transferring points of electricity transformation as close to consumers as possible. This approach is based on installation of pole-mounted transformer substations (PMTS) near consumer groups and changes the topology of the electrical network. At the same time, for groups of consumers, the configuration of sections of the low-voltage network, including service drops, changes. The efficiency of approaching transformer substations to consumers was estimated by the reduction in electrical energy losses due to the expansion of the high-voltage network. The calculation of electrical losses was carried out according to twenty-four hour consumer demand curve. To estimate the power losses in each section of the electrical network of high and low voltage, the calculated expressions were obtained. For the considered example, the electrical energy losses in the whole network with a modified topology is reduced by about two times, while in a high-voltage network with the same transmitted power, the losses are reduced to a practically insignificant level, and in installed PMTS transformers they increase mainly due to the rise in total idle losses. The payback period of additional capital investments in option with modified topology will be significantly greater if payback is assessed only by saving losses cost. Consequently, the determination of the feasibility of applying this approach should be carried out taking into account such factors as increasing the reliability of electricity supply, improving the quality of electricity, and increasing the power transmission capacity of the main part of electrical network.

scholarly journals Heat pump systems: A mini review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Mohammad Omar Temori ◽  
František Vranay
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Reduce Electricity Consumption

In this work, a mini review of heat pumps is presented. The work is intended to introduce a technology that can be used to income energy from the natural environment and thus reduce electricity consumption for heating and cooling. A heat pump is a mechanical device that transfers heat from one environmental compartment to another, typically against a temperature gradient (i.e. from cool to hot). In order to do this, an energy input is required: this may be mechanical, electrical or thermal energy. In most modern heat pumps, electrical energy powers a compressor, which drives a compression - expansion cycle of refrigerant fluid between two heat exchanges: a cold evaporator and a warm condenser. The efficiency or coefficient of performance (COP), of a heat pump is defined as the thermal output divided by the primary energy (electricity) input. The COP decreases as the temperature difference between the cool heat source and the warm heat sink increases. An efficient ground source heat pump (GSHP) may achieve a COP of around 4. Heat pumps are ideal for exploiting low-temperature environmental heat sources: the air, surface waters or the ground. They can deliver significant environmental (CO2) and cost savings.

scholarly journals ANALISA UNJUK KERJA MESIN STEMPEL FLASH MADE IN TIONGKOK MEREK FLAZ TERHADAP MESIN STEMPEL FLASH MADE IN INDONESIA MEREK MD

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Slamet Raharjo ◽  
Massus Subekti ◽  
Imam Arif Raharjo
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Quality Parameter ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Work Method ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Made In

This research aimed to find out the work method of flash stamp machine made in Tiongkok brand Flaz and flash stamp machine made in Indonesia brand MD observed from each machine performance including colour stamp quality resulted, duration in its operation, as well as power and electricity consumption. The research method adopted is qualitative method with grounded theory approach. This research conducted in Enterprise of Flash Stamp Machine made in Indonesia brand MD on Jl. Lembang Baru I West Sudimara, Ciledug, Tangerang, Banten. The result drawn from work method research of both flash stamp machine are: First,   the stamp quality resulted by flash stamp machine brand MD was better than flash stamp machine brand MD. Second, the operation time of flash stamp machine brand MD was 4 second faster, that is 3 second, while flash sta mp machine brand Flaz was 4 second. Third, the electricity power consumption of flash stamp machine brand Flaz was smaller that is 136,62 watt, while brand Flaz was 392,34 watt. Fourth, the electrical energy consumption of flash stamp machine Flaz was smaller that is 888,39 Joule, while flash stamp machine brand MD was 1709,06. The conclusion drawn from work method research of flash stamp machine made in Tiongkok brand Flaz toward flash stamp machine made in Indonesia brand MD measured from stamp output quality parameter and operation time speed, so flash stamp machine made in Indonesia brand MD is better than flash stamp machine made in Tiongkok brand Flaz. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui unjuk kerja mesin stempel flash made in Tiongkok merek Flaz terhadap mesin stempel flash made in Indonesia merek MD dilihat dari performa masing-masing mesin meliputi kualitas cap stempel warna yang dihasilkannya, lama waktu pengoperasiannya, pemakaian daya serta konsumsi energi listriknya. Metode penelitian yang di gunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan penelitian grounded theory. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Perusahaan Pembuatan Mesin Stempel Flash made In Indonesia merek MD di Jl. Lembang Baru I Kelurahan Sudimara Barat, Ciledug, Tangerang, Banten. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian unjuk kerja kedua mesin stempel flash ini adalah :  Pertama, kualitas cap stempel yang dihasilkan mesin stempel flash merek MD lebih bagus dibandingkan mesin stempel flash merek Flaz. Kedua, lama waktu operasinya 4 detik lebih cepat mesin stempel flash merek MD yaitu selama 3 detik dan 4 detik untuk mesin stempel flash merek Flaz. Ketiga, daya listrik yang dibutuhkan lebih kecil me sin stempel flash merek Flaz yaitu sebesar 136,62 watt dan 392,34 Watt untuk merek Flaz. Keempat, konsumsi energi listrik yang dibutuhkan lebih kecil mesin stempel merek Flaz yaitu 888,39 Joule dan 1709,06 Joule untuk mesin stempel flash merek MD. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian unjuk kerja mesin stempel flash made in Tiongkok merek Flaz terhadap mesin stempel flash made in Indonesia merek MD diukur dari parameter kualitas hasil cap dan kecepatan waktu operasi maka mesin stempel flash made in Indonesia merek MD lebih bagus dari pada mesin stempel flash made in Tiongkok merek Flaz.

scholarly journals Control of the lighting system using a genetic algorithm

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 237-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velimir Congradac ◽  
Bosko Milosavljevic ◽  
Jovan Velickovic ◽  
Bogdan Prebiracevic
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
The Social ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Very High

The manufacturing, distribution and use of electricity are of fundamental importance for the social life and they have the biggest influence on the environment associated with any human activity. The energy needed for building lighting makes up 20-40% of the total consumption. This paper displays the development of the mathematical model and genetic algorithm for the control of dimmable lighting on problems of regulating the level of internal lighting and increase of energetic efficiency using daylight. A series of experiments using the optimization algorithm on the realized model confirmed very high savings in electricity consumption.

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