scholarly journals Photovoltaic Systems and Net Metering in Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3168-3171
Author(s):  
F. Mavromatakis ◽  
G. Viskadouros ◽  
H. Haritaki ◽  
G. Xanthos
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Local Loads ◽  
Electricity Bill ◽  
Net Metering ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Electrical Consumption

The latest measure for the development of photovoltaics in Greece utilizes the net-metering scheme. Under this scheme the energy produced by a PV system may be either consumed by the local loads or be injected to the grid. The final cost reported in an electricity bill depends upon the energy produced by the PV system, the energy absorbed from the grid and the energy injected to the grid. Consequently, the actual electricity consumption profile is important to estimate the benefit from the use of this renewable energy source. The state latest statistics in Greece for households reveal that the typical electrical consumption is 3750 kWh while 10244 kWh are consumed in the form of thermal energy. We adopt in our calculations the above amount of electrical energy but assume four different scenarios. These different hourly profiles are examined to study the effects of synchronization upon the final cost of energy. The above scenarios are applied to areas in different climate zones in Greece (Heraklion, Athens and Thessaloniki) to examine the dependence of the hourly profiles and the solar potential upon the financial data with respect to internal rate of return, payback times, net present value and the levelized cost of energy. These parameters are affected by the initial system cost and the financial parameters.

scholarly journals A Quadratically Constrained Optimization Problem for Determining the Optimal Nominal Power of a PV System in Net-Metering Model: A Case Study for Croatia

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1746
Author(s):  
Luka Budin ◽  
Goran Grdenić ◽  
Marko Delimar
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Discrete Optimization Problem ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Net Metering ◽  
Quadratically Constrained ◽  
The Impact

The world’s demand for electrical energy is increasing rapidly while the use of fossil fuels is getting limited more and more by energy policies and the need for reducing the impact of climate change. New sources of energy are required to fulfill the world’s demand for electricity and they are currently found in renewable sources of energy, especially in solar and wind power. Choosing the optimal PV nominal power minimizes the unnecessary surplus of electrical energy that is exported to the grid and thus is not making any impact on the grid more than necessary. Oversizing the PV system according to the Croatian net-metering model results in switching the calculation of the costs to the prosumer model which results in a decrease of the project’s net present value (NPV) and an increase in the payback period (PP). This paper focuses on formulating and solving the optimization problem for determining the optimal nominal power of a grid-connected PV system with a case study for Croatia using multiple scenarios in the variability of electricity production and consumption. In this paper, PV systems are simulated in the power range that corresponds to a typical annual high-tariff consumption in Croatian households. Choosing the optimal power of the PV system maximizes the investor’s NPV of the project as well as savings on the electricity costs. The PP is also minimized and is determined by the PV production, household consumption, discount rate, and geographic location. The optimization problem is classified as a quadratically constrained discrete optimization problem, where the value of the optimal PV power is not a continuous variable because the PV power changes with a step of one PV panel power. Modeling and simulations are implemented in Python using the Gurobi optimization solver.

scholarly journals Analysis capital budgeting investment projects substation 150 kV for tires company

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Andi Setyawan ◽  
Hasbullah Hasbullah
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Interest Rate

The electricity consumption continues to increase, including in Indonesia, where the average electricity consumption rises 6.86% per year. In line with the ever-increasing production needs of companies needing more electrical energy during these electrical disturbances often occur due to power shortage. Therefore, the company proposes the investment of the construction of substations 150kv Expected to improve the reliability of electrical energy supply. This research conducted to analyze the value of investment carried by tire companies using historical data and company forecasts using the technical method of economics to analyze its finances. Based on the calculation result with the Payback period (PP) and Discounted Payback Period generates 5.35 years and 6.24 years.  Meanwhile, in the calculation of net present value (NPV) obtained favorable results in the 6th year of Rp 40,944,770,640.32, using an interest rate of 5%. In the calculation of the internal rate of return (IRR), the result of 5.5% concluded that the project return is higher than the minimum attractive rate of return (MARR) of the company by 5.17% of the Bank Indonesia interest rate. Then based on the sensitivity analysis gained that the lower the interest rate on this project, then the faster the return on the investment, and vice versa. The overall analysis of the scenario stated that the investment is worthy of running because it brings profit directly to the company.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study of the Technical and Economic Performance of Grid-Connected PV System for Selected Rooftops in UTHM

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Fakrie Mohamad Ali ◽  
◽  
Mohd Noor Abdullah ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Electricity Bill ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
Energy Metering

This paper presents the feasibility study of the technical and economic performances of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system for selected rooftops in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). The analysis of the electricity consumption and electricity bill data of UTHM campus show that the monthly electricity usage in UTHM campus is very high and expensive. The main purpose of this project is to reduce the annual electricity consumption and electricity bill of UTHM with Net Energy Metering (NEM) scheme. Therefore, the grid-connected PV system has been proposed at Dewan Sultan Ibrahim (DSI), Tunku Tun Aminah Library (TTAL), Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam dan Alam Bina (FKAAS) and F2 buildings UTHM by using three types of PV modules which are mono-crystalline silicon (Mono-Si), poly-crystalline silicon (Poly-Si) and Thin-film. These three PV modules were modeled, simulated and calculated using Helioscope software with the capacity of 2,166.40kWp, 2,046.20kWp and 1,845kWp respectively for the total rooftop area of 190,302.9 ft². The economic analysis was conducted on the chosen three installed PV modules using RETScreen software. As a result, the Mono-Si showed the best PV module that can produce 2,332,327.40 kWh of PV energy, 4.4% of CO₂ reduction, 9.3 years of payback period considering 21 years of the contractual period and profit of RM4,932,274.58 for 11.7 years after payback period. Moreover, the proposed installation of 2,166.40kWp (Mono-SI PV module) can reduce the annual electricity bill and CO2 emission of 3.6% (RM421,561.93) and 4.4% (1,851.40 tCO₂) compared to the system without PV system.

THE POTENTIAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLAR HOME SYSTEM WITH SWITCHING METHOD ON HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY SCALE

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Kurnia Paranita Kartika ◽  
Riska Dhenabayu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Household Appliances ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Solar Home System ◽  
Switching Method

This study aims to design a Solar Home System with an Arduino-based Smart Switching system so that the use of electrical energy generated by solar panels can be adjusted without adding power from other electricity sources, such as PLN. Calculation of Leveled Cost of Energy (LCOE) is used as the basis for the switching process that will be carried out to regulate the use of household appliances that are routinely used, regulate electricity consumption automatically, minimize usage, and calculate the effectiveness of electric power usage. The way SHS works is to collect electrical energy from sunlight, then convert DC voltage to AC so that it can be used to run household electronic equipment. To accommodate the adequacy of electrical power, an automatic adjustment is made for household appliances that are routinely used, namely house lights, which includes setting the lights on and off and the number of lights that can be activated. The advantage of this research is that the SHS system is integrated with the automatic setting of the lights installed in the house so that the number of lights on will adjust the availability of electrical energy in the battery. In addition, with the LCOE method, the level of usage can be calculated so that users can save electricity. From the results of usage testing, it is found that the application of this switching technology provides benefits for users because it is no longer dependent on PLN supply. From an economic point of view, based on the calculation of Leveled Cost of Energy (LCOE), there is a kWh value savings of Rp. 77, - for each kWh price or about 4.53% compared to purchasing electricity with prepaid mode.

scholarly journals Assessment and Analysis of a Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System with Net-Metering for State University in Pampanga

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1846-1849
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
State University ◽  
Electrical Power System ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Main Campus ◽  
Utility Company ◽  
Net Metering ◽  
Cost Of Energy

The utilization of renewable and eco-friendly source of energy which is also referred as “Alternative Energy” is now being recognized around the world, particularly the Solar Energy. The study proposes a grid-tied photovoltaic system with net-metering that generates electricity that is linked in the electrical grid, where in excess power is sold to the utility company. The objective is to improve the cost of energy consumption of Don Honorio Ventura State University Main Campus by designing and assessing Electrical Power System that lessens the dependency on the Distribution Utility (DU). The design of the system used with respect to the roofing area per building is (3,464) 300 Watts polycrystalline PV panels, (2) uni-directional or (1) bi-directional meter for monitoring the import and export energy, and 30kW-100kW inverter to convert DC (direct current) to AC (alternating current).The computation of the savings was based on the total kWh used per month with the system installed and includes the excess or export energy that is generated from the PV solar panels. Through the assessment of the proposed system, it will surely help Don Honorio Ventura State University (DHVSU) Main Campus to save monthly electric bill and lessen the dependency of the University to the utility grid. Since DHVSU’s building are secondary metered by the Distribution Utility, there is a need to install separate PV System set-up tp meet the individual electrical requirement. The PV system will be installed via On-Grid Connection to the DU subject to the Net Metering rules and guidelines as stated by the Renewable Energy Act of 2008.

scholarly journals How Does the Electricity Demand Profile Impact the Attractiveness of PV-Coupled Battery Systems Combining Applications?

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 4038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Pena-Bello ◽  
Edward Barbour ◽  
Marta C. Gonzalez ◽  
Selin Yilmaz ◽  
Martin K. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Load Profile ◽  
Battery Systems ◽  
Residential Electricity ◽  
Electricity Load ◽  
Demand Profile

Energy storage is a key solution to supply renewable electricity on demand and in particular batteries are becoming attractive for consumers who install PV panels. In order to minimize their electricity bill and keep the grid stable, batteries can combine applications. The daily match between PV supply and the electricity load profile is often considered as a determinant for the attractiveness of residential PV-coupled battery systems, however, the previous literature has so far mainly focused on the annual energy balance. In this paper, we analyze the techno-economic impact of adding a battery system to a new PV system that would otherwise be installed on its own, for different residential electricity load profiles in Geneva (Switzerland) and Austin (U.S.) using lithium-ion batteries performing various consumer applications, namely PV self-consumption, demand load-shifting, avoidance of PV curtailment, and demand peak shaving, individually and jointly. We employ clustering of the household’s load profile (with 15-minute resolution) for households with low, medium, and high annual electricity consumption in the two locations using a 1:1:1 sizing ratio. Our results show that with this simple sizing rule-of-thumb, the shape of the load profile has a small impact on the net present value of batteries. Overall, our analysis suggests that the effect of the load profile is small and differs across locations, whereas the combination of applications significantly increases profitability while marginally decreasing the share of self-consumption. Moreover, without the combination of applications, batteries are far from being economically viable.

Reducing electrical energy consumption through behaviour changes

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Kemp-Hesterman ◽  
Scott Glick ◽  
Jennifer Eileen Cross
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Awareness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High School Setting ◽  
Electrical Consumption ◽  
Over Time

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to look at the effect of human behaviour, and efforts to change that behaviour, on electricity consumption in a high school setting. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a mixed methods design of interviews and historical electrical use data to assess two treatments impacts on electrical consumption over time at two Fort Collins high schools. Findings – Both treatments, the energy efficiency awareness campaign and the energy efficiency charrette, were found to have a positive impact on decreasing levels of electricity consumption. Unfortunately, these decreases lessened over time. The key attributes of communication, motivation, and leadership were identified as necessary at the high school facilities level to ensure long-term success in decreased electrical consumption. Research limitations/implications – The implications of this research focus on awareness of energy use in public schools and how to use awareness as a cost-effective tool in decreasing electrical consumption. The limitations are the inability to isolate HVAC consumption loads and the small study size. However, this is one of, if not the first, effort to use awareness campaigns and charrettes in a high school setting to decrease electrical use. Additional research would answer questions like: how to increase the charrette impact time; could these programs be adopted district wide at all grade levels; how could energy awareness be institutionalized so periodic charrettes are not necessary? Limitations include the inability to isolate heating and cooling electricity loads from the data. Originality/value – This study is the first of its kind and has value to facilities management personnel, custodians, faculty and administration members, particularly in a high school setting. This research provides a framework and potential guidance for a school organization to conserve electrical energy and achieve cost savings and environmental benefits.

scholarly journals MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY PARAMETERS IN A ROMANIAN PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION INSTITUTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
S. Orboiu ◽  
C. Trocan ◽  
H. Andrei
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
University Education ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Entire Energy ◽  
Entire Society

Abstract A desideratum of the society, not only in Romania, is the efficiency of the electricity consumption and its passage on green energy in a bigger proportion. This can be achieved by research on various topics chosen from different areas of the economy. One of the most widespread public institutions is education, which is why the results obtained from the research of such a subject can bring major benefits to the entire society. In general, the structure of pre-university education institutions is similar, with classrooms, laboratories equipped with the same types of electric consumers, and very close heating systems. This article proposes a method of monitoring the electrical energy and consumption parameters of a pre-university education institution in Romania. The results obtained are compared to the energy quality standards and will be the basis for a PV system that will be designed to ensure the entire energy consumption of the institution.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis for Residential Solar PV Systems Based on Different Demand Charge Tariffs

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Zeraatpisheh ◽  
Reza Arababadi ◽  
Mohsen Saffari Pour
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Solar Systems ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Demand Charge

It is well known that the use of photovoltaic (PV) systems helps to preserve the environment, produce lower levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and reduce global warming, however, whether it is economically profitable for customers or not is highly debatable. This paper aims to address this issue. To be comprehensive, three different types of buildings are considered as case studies. Then, these three buildings are modeled in EnergyPlus to determine the rate of energy consumption. Afterward, comparisons of various solar system sizes based on economic parameters such as the internal rate of return, the net present value, payback period and profitability indexing for various-sized PV systems are carried out. The results show that by the demand charge tariffs, using PV systems has no economic justification. It has been shown that even with neglecting further costs of the PV system like maintenance, by demand charge tariffs, it is not economically beneficial for customers to use the PV systems. Profitability index of all three buildings with various PV power systems is between 0.2 to 0.8, which are by no means is desirable. Moreover, it was found that bigger solar systems are less cost-effective in the presence of demand charges.

scholarly journals Households’ Energy Autonomy: Risks or Benefits for a State?

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 2026
Author(s):  
Marko Milojević ◽  
Paweł Nowodziński ◽  
Ivica Terzić ◽  
Svetlana Danshina
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dependence ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Energy Independence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Energy Autonomy

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of households’ energy autonomy on a country’s energy independence level, to identify prospects and risks. To assess the economic efficiency of households’ energy autonomy, the study used a modeling method based on maximizing the net present value, determining the average notional cost of energy efficiency and the level of energy independence in 20 countries. Based on the analysis of the volumes of electricity consumption by households in the studied countries for the period 2000–2018, it was revealed that in developed and developing countries there is an increase in this indicator. Diagnostics of the investment attractiveness of the installation and operation of energy systems for households makes it possible to determine the boundaries of a possible increase in the level of their energy autonomy. The scientific novelty of the research is represented by the proposed methodological approach, which makes it possible to assess the level of energy dependence of countries, possible deviations, and an increase in households’ energy autonomy in relation to the risk limit of energy dependence. The proposed methodological approach allowed the authors to prove the positive impact of increasing households’ energy autonomy for most developed countries. The most positive effect is characteristic of the leading countries in fossil energy market.

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