scholarly journals AGE AND GENDER-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN MONEY BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-204
Author(s):  
Natasha Virmozelova Angelova
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Role Identification ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes ◽  
Money Beliefs

This article presents research on the relationships of gender role identification, biological sex, and age to the beliefs and behaviors about money. The participants were 240 whose age varied from 17 to 91 years (M = 38.68, SD = 1.81). Bulgarian adaptations of Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and Furnham's Money Beliefs and Behavior Scale (MBBS) were used. The results indicated that people with different gender role patterns (masculine type, feminine type, androgynous type, undifferentiated type) differed in their beliefs and behaviors towards money. According to the results of this research, biological sex was related to male attitudes and beliefs that money could be the main purpose and value, and may be used to demonstrate excellence. The data showed that women tended to feel more tension, anxiety, and guilt when spending money, and also perceived money as a means of security and protection. The assumption that the participants from different age groups would have different beliefs and attitudes about money was also confirmed.

scholarly journals Male or Female? - Influence of Gender Role and Sexual Attraction on Sex Categorization of Faces

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Luther ◽  
Carolin A. Lewis ◽  
Melina Grahlow ◽  
Philippa Hüpen ◽  
Ute Habel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Sexual Attraction ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Role Identification ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Sex Influence ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sex Categorization ◽  
Gender Role Identification

The categorization of dominant facial features, such as sex, is a highly relevant function for social interaction. It has been found that attributes of the perceiver, such as their biological sex, influence the perception of sexually dimorphic facial features with women showing higher recognition performance for female faces than men. However, evidence on how aspects closely related to biological sex influence face sex categorization are scarce. Using a previously validated set of sex-morphed facial images (morphed from male to female and vice versa), we aimed to investigate the influence of the participant’s gender role identification and sexual orientation on face sex categorization, besides their biological sex. Image ratings, questionnaire data on gender role identification and sexual orientation were collected from 67 adults (34 females). Contrary to previous literature, biological sex per se was not significantly associated with image ratings. However, an influence of participant sexual attraction and gender role identity became apparent: participants identifying with male gender attributes and showing attraction toward females perceived masculinized female faces as more male and femininized male faces as more female when compared to participants identifying with female gender attributes and attraction toward males. Considering that we found these effects in a predominantly cisgender and heterosexual sample, investigation of face sex perception in individuals identifying with a gender different from their assigned sex (i.e., transgender people) might provide further insights into how assigned sex and gender identity are related.

scholarly journals Gender Diversity and the Choice of Conflict Management Styles in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 7136
Author(s):  
Ovidiu Niculae Bordean ◽  
Dalma Szonja Rácz ◽  
Sebastian Ion Ceptureanu ◽  
Eduard Gabriel Ceptureanu ◽  
Zenovia Cristiana Pop
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Management Style ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Management Styles ◽  
Conflict Management Styles ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
And Gender

The current study investigates the relation between biological sex and gender role upon the choice of conflict management styles. The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) measured the gender role and Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II) Form C measured the conflict handling styles. Participants were employees of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The results found that biological sex has no correlation with the choice of conflict management style. On the other hand, the findings have shown that gender role is a predictor for the choice of conflict management styles as masculine individuals were highest on the dominating conflict style, whereas feminine individuals were highest on the avoiding style.

The Relationship of Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Gender-Role Orientation in Four National Samples

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan J. Troche ◽  
Nina Weber ◽  
Karina Hennigs ◽  
Carl-René Andresen ◽  
Thomas H. Rammsayer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Gender Role Orientation ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Fourth Finger ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The ratio of second to fourth finger length (2D:4D ratio) is sexually dimorphic with women having higher 2D:4D ratio than men. Recent studies on the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation yielded rather inconsistent results. The present study examines the moderating influence of nationality on the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation, as assessed with the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, as a possible explanation for these inconsistencies. Participants were 176 female and 171 male university students from Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden ranging in age from 19 to 32 years. Left-hand 2D:4D ratio was significantly lower in men than in women across all nationalities. Right-hand 2D:4D ratio differed only between Swedish males and females indicating that nationality might effectively moderate the sexual dimorphism of 2D:4D ratio. In none of the examined nationalities was a reliable relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation obtained. Thus, the assumption of nationality-related between-population differences does not seem to account for the inconsistent results on the relationship between 2D:4D ratio and gender-role orientation.

The impact of stereotyped perceptions of entrepreneurship and gender-role orientation on Slovak women’s entrepreneurial intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Adamus ◽  
Vladimíra Čavojová ◽  
Jakub Šrol
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Gender Role Orientation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Successful Entrepreneurs ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study aims to investigate how congruence between the image of a successful entrepreneur and one’s own gender-role orientation affects entrepreneurial intentions (EI). Design/methodology/approach A total of 552 working-age adults (49.5% women) answered questions on gender-role orientation, perception of a successful entrepreneur, EI, antecedents of EI (perceived behavioural control (PBC), subjective norm (SN), attitude towards entrepreneurship), entrepreneurial self-efficacy and risk aversion. Findings Women reported a lower EI than men, and both male and female participants perceived successful entrepreneurs as masculine. In the final model, biological sex did not predict EIs. Rather, it was associated with the extent to which participants felt they resembled successful entrepreneurs, which, in turn, predicted greater levels of PBC, SNs and attitudes towards entrepreneurship, as well as greater EI. Originality/value The study is one of the first to study joint impacts of biological sex, gender and congruence on EIs.

Measuring anxiety about aging across the adult lifespan

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry A. Sargent-Cox ◽  
Masori Rippon ◽  
Richard A. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Aging Attitudes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Order Four

ABSTRACTBackground:The development of instruments to measure aging attitudes is an essential part of research into the role of individual differences in the aging process, giving clarification to the relationship between attitudes and behavior across the lifespan. Here we test the structural validity of Lasher and Faulkender's (1993) Anxiety about Aging Scale (AAS), and explore measurement invariance across age and gender.Methods:A sample of 783 adults (42% females) age ranging from 20 to 97 years (M = 57.3, SD = 13.66) participated.Results:The first-order four-factor AAS model reflecting the original Lasher and Faulkender (1993) structure showed a better fit to the data than the second-order model. Measurement invariance for both gender and age groups (young adults 20–44 years; mid-aged adults 45–64 years, older adults 65+ years old) was found for three of the factors, but not for all items in the Fear of Losses factor. Structural covariance inequality between the Fear of Losses and Physical Appearance factors was shown between males and females.Conclusions:Findings indicate that the original AAS measures four distinct dimensions of anxiety about aging. These dimensions were shown to be generally comparable across age and gender, indicating that the AAS is a suitable measure for providing meaningful comparison of anxiety about aging across the lifespan. The exception is the Fear of Losses factor, where items may have differential meanings across groups based on cultural and social attitudes regarding aging and gender.

scholarly journals Psychological Assessment and Guidance of Thoughts, Emotions, and Behavior Among Male and Female of Adolescents by Using the Computer

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohamed Saleh Abdelaziz
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Frequency Scale ◽  
Psychological Scale ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Grand Total ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Test Completion

Motivated by the outstanding application of computers across a range of scientific disciplines, including psychology, the researcher designed a psychological scale by use of computer. This scale attempted to help adolescents identify points of strength in their thoughts, emotions and behaviors. Besides, this scale was intended to provide of psychological guidance when yielded weak features of thoughts, emotions, and behavior. The manual scale was designed based on previous literature, tests and scales relevant to thoughts, emotions, and behavior, and items and dimensions of each test were defined. An exploratory study was then conducted to test the variables and ensure the reliability and validity of items. A sample contained of 950 school and university adolescents who ranged in age from 15 to 21 years. The designed scale comprises four groups of six main sub-tests each with a total number of 24 sub-tests. Logging into the application, the participant based on his/her age and gender is requested to respond to six tests by selecting the item that she/he believes to provide a correct description of him/ according to the Likert frequency scale. Upon test completion, the participant is provided with a grand total mark of the six tests with an overall interpretation of what it means as well as sub-totals for each dimension. In cases where there is a decrease of marks on any items of the test, the participant is offered both audio and written guidelines of how to improve. This computer-aided psychological scale was designed to identify 25 dimensions relevant to thoughts, emotions and behaviors among adolescents and test them. 

scholarly journals Social and Interpersonal Aspects of Gender Identity Disorder

1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
John M. Annear
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Identity Disorder ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
And Gender

Biological sex, gender identity and gender role are concordant in most individuals. Transsexuals seek reassignment of gender role and anatomical sex to fit their gender identity. Thirteen males and three female transsexuals have been assessed.

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