scholarly journals Preparation of trinucleotide phosphoramidites as synthons for the synthesis of gene libraries

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Suchsland ◽  
Bettina Appel ◽  
Sabine Müller
Keyword(s):  
Protein Engineering ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gene Synthesis ◽  
Gene Library ◽  
Library Preparation ◽  
Soluble Polymers ◽  
Gene Libraries ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Protein Libraries

The preparation of protein libraries is a key issue in protein engineering and biotechnology. Such libraries can be prepared by a variety of methods, starting from the respective gene library. The challenge in gene library preparation is to achieve controlled total or partial randomization at any predefined number and position of codons of a given gene, in order to obtain a library with a maximum number of potentially successful candidates. This purpose is best achieved by the usage of trinucleotide synthons for codon-based gene synthesis. We here review the strategies for the preparation of fully protected trinucleotides, emphasizing more recent developments for their synthesis on solid phase and on soluble polymers, and their use as synthons in standard DNA synthesis.

Heterogeneous System in Organic Synthesis: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-753
Author(s):  
Bishwajit Changmai ◽  
Gunindra Pathak ◽  
Jasha Momo H. Anal ◽  
Lalthazuala Rokhum
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Heterogeneous System ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Solid Phase Synthesis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Henry Reaction ◽  
Phase Synthesis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Recovery And Reuse

Due to its inherent advantages such as easy recovery and reuse of the catalysts/ reagents, and environmentally friendly nature, the heterogeneous system has gain popularity in the realm of organic synthesis. In recent years, several chemically or biologically potent molecules are achieved through heterogeneous synthesis strategies. By recalling some of the classical fundamentals of the heterogeneous system in important organic synthesis, this mini-review outlines the recent developments in the applications heterogeneous catalysts and reagents; particularly in the solid phase synthesis, esterification and transesterification reactions to produce biodiesel, and Henry reaction.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in the Determination of Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Biological Specimens: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1768
Author(s):  
Hernâni Marques ◽  
Pedro Cruz-Vicente ◽  
Tiago Rosado ◽  
Mário Barroso ◽  
Luís A. Passarinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and smoking have been described as the most prevalent factors in the development of certain diseases worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, more than 8 million people die every year due to exposure to tobacco, around 7 million due to direct ETS and the remaining due to exposure to second-hand smoke. Both active and second-hand exposure can be measured and controlled using specific biomarkers of tobacco and its derivatives, allowing the development of more efficient public health policies. Exposure to these compounds can be measured using different methods (involving for instance liquid- or gas-chromatographic procedures) in a wide range of biological specimens to estimate the type and degree of tobacco exposure. In recent years, a lot of research has been carried out using different extraction methods and different analytical equipment; this way, liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction or even miniaturized procedures have been used, followed by chromatographic analysis coupled mainly to mass spectrometric detection. Through this type of methodologies, second-hand smokers can be distinguished from active smokers, and this is also valid for e-cigarettes and vapers, among others, using their specific biomarkers. This review will focus on recent developments in the determination of tobacco smoke biomarkers, including nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids, specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The methods for their detection will be discussed in detail, as well as the potential use of threshold values to distinguish between types of exposure.

Automated Solid-Phase DNA Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Oligonucleotides Labeled at the 5‘-Terminus with Ru(bpy)32+

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (17) ◽  
pp. 3922-3925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoeb I. Khan ◽  
Amy E. Beilstein ◽  
Milan Sykora ◽  
Gregory D. Smith ◽  
Xi Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Photophysical Properties

scholarly journals Recent developments in nucleic acid identification using solid-phase enzymatic assays

2014 ◽  
Vol 181 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1633-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitriy A. Khodakov ◽  
Amanda V. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Enzymatic Assays ◽  
Recent Developments

scholarly journals Recent developments in automatic solid-phase extraction with renewable surfaces exploiting flow-based approaches

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 749-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Miró ◽  
Supaporn Kradtap Hartwell ◽  
Jaroon Jakmunee ◽  
Kate Grudpan ◽  
Elo Harald Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Recent Developments

scholarly journals Antha-guided Automation of Darwin Assembly for the Construction of Bespoke Gene Libraries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Handal Marquez ◽  
M. Koch ◽  
D. Kestemont ◽  
S. Arangundy-Franklin ◽  
V. B. Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Saturation Mutagenesis ◽  
Liquid Handling ◽  
Assembly Method ◽  
Amplicon Length ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Gene Libraries ◽  
Fast Reconstruction ◽  
Protein Libraries

AbstractProtein engineering through directed evolution facilitates the screening and characterization of protein libraries. Efficient and effective methods for multiple site-saturation mutagenesis, such as Darwin Assembly, can accelerate the sampling of relevant sequence space and the identification of variants with desired functionalities. Here, we present the automation of the Darwin Assembly method, using a Gilson PIPETMAX™ liquid handling platform under the control of the Antha software platform, which resulted in the accelerated construction of complex, multiplexed gene libraries with minimal hands-on time and error-free, while maintaining flexibility over experimental parameters through a graphical user interface rather than requiring user-driven library-dependent programming of the liquid handling platform. We also present an approach for barcoding libraries that overcomes amplicon length limitations in next generation sequencing and enables fast reconstruction of library reads.

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