scholarly journals Reinforcement delay and reinforcement rate as determinants of schedule preference

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-12) ◽  
pp. 195-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin G. McDiarmid ◽  
Mark E. Rilling
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
Reinforcement Delay ◽  
Schedule Preference

scholarly journals Dissociating Representations of Time and Number in Reinforcement-Rate Learning by Deletion of the GluA1 AMPA Receptor Subunit in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-217
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Austen ◽  
Corran Pickering ◽  
Rolf Sprengel ◽  
David J. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Associative Strength ◽  
Ampa Receptor ◽  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Receptor Subunit ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Ampa Receptor Subunit ◽  
Numeric Information

Theories of learning differ in whether they assume that learning reflects the strength of an association between memories or symbolic encoding of the statistical properties of events. We provide novel evidence for symbolic encoding of informational variables by demonstrating that sensitivity to time and number in learning is dissociable. Whereas responding in normal mice was dependent on reinforcement rate, responding in mice that lacked the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit was insensitive to reinforcement rate and, instead, dependent on the number of times a cue had been paired with reinforcement. This suggests that GluA1 is necessary for weighting numeric information by temporal information in order to calculate reinforcement rate. Sample sizes per genotype varied between seven and 23 across six experiments and consisted of both male and female mice. The results provide evidence for explicit encoding of variables by animals rather than implicit encoding via variations in associative strength.

Reinforcement delay: A selective review of the last decade.

1974 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 984-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger M. Tarpy ◽  
Frederick L. Sawabini
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Delay ◽  
Selective Review

scholarly journals A comparative study in flexure and shear design of spread footings

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Iago Freitas de Almeida ◽  
Maurício Castelo Branco de Noronha Campos ◽  
Romilde Almeida de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shear Effect ◽  
Analytical Analysis ◽  
Spread Footing ◽  
Shear Design ◽  
Spread Footings

The design of spread footings is a field widely explored in structural engineering being the flexure and shear design verified by the use of codes. The objective of this paper consists in a comparative study of spread footing design between the Brazilian’s code, Eurocode and American’s code. The methodology considered an analytical analysis with three different examples in the flexure and shear design of the spread footings with different loads and footing height. The results show that the American’s code presented the minimum required value of reinforcement rates ​​in all examples and also was the only code that verified the punching and shear effect for all studied cases. In Eurocode flexure design, the results show that in the most examples, the reinforcement rate is higher than that considered by the other codes. The Brazilian code presented an inconsistency in the verification of the punching effect for one of the studied examples, requiring, therefore, a review and a modification of the code.

scholarly journals The maximum rewards at the minimum price: Reinforcement rates and payback percentages in multi-line slot machines

2011 ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Harrigan ◽  
Michael Dixon ◽  
Vance MacLaren ◽  
Karen Collins ◽  
Jonathan Fugelsang
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
Slot Machine ◽  
Slot Machines ◽  
Losses Disguised As Wins ◽  
Minimum Price ◽  
Machine Games ◽  
Payback Percentage

Past research has shown that gamblers frequently use the mini-max strategy in multi-line slot machines, whereby the player places the minimum bet on the maximum number of lines. Through a detailed analysis and explanation of the design of multi-line slot machine games, we show that when using the mini-max strategy, the payback percentage remains unchanged, yet the reinforcement rate is significantly increased. This increase in reinforcement rate is mainly due to spins in which the amount won is less than the amount wagered, which we call losses disguised as wins. We have verified these conclusions by playing an actual slot machine game for 10,000 spins and recording the results. We believe that the high reinforcement rate that results from playing multiple lines on games of this type contributes to their potential addictiveness. We provide three theories for why players use the mini-max strategy and suggest further areas of research.

scholarly journals Numerical Analysis Of Flat Slabs With Spherical Voids Subjected To Shear Force

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bindea ◽  
Claudia Maria Chezan ◽  
A. Puskas
Keyword(s):  
Shear Force ◽  
Standard Condition ◽  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Classical Solutions ◽  
Flat Slabs ◽  
Design Software ◽  
Spherical Voids ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Core Part

Abstract Full flat slabs can be enhanced by using spherical voids to replace the unemployed concrete from the core part of the slab. Therefore we get low self-weighted slabs that can reach a high range of spans, a low material consumption compared to classical solutions used so far. On the other hand, the upsides of these slabs pale against the insecurity in design stage about their punching and shear force behaviour. In this paper it is presented a parametric study about shear force behaviour of flat slabs with spherical voids used in standard condition service. The study was made using the Atena 3D finit element design software, starting form a numerical model gauged on experimental results on real models – scale 1:1. Based on these lab results, the model’s validation was made by overlapping the load – displacement experimental curves on the curves yielded from numerical analyses. The results indicate that under a longitudinal reinforcement rate of lower than 0.50%, flat slabs with spherical voids don’t fail to shear force and over this value the capable shear force decreases in comparison with solid slabs, as the reinforcement rate increases.

Negative reinforcement rate and persistent avoidance following response-prevention extinction

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 103711
Author(s):  
Daniel V. Zuj ◽  
Weike Xia ◽  
Keith Lloyd ◽  
Bram Vervliet ◽  
Simon Dymond
Keyword(s):  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
Response Prevention

scholarly journals RAPID ACQUISITION OF PREFERENCE IN CONCURRENT CHAINS: EFFECTS OF d-AMPHETAMINE ON SENSITIVITY TO REINFORCEMENT DELAY

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Min TA ◽  
Raymond C. Pitts ◽  
Christine E. Hughes ◽  
Anthony P. McLean ◽  
Randolph C. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Chains ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
Reinforcement Delay

scholarly journals REINFORCEMENT DELAY FADING DURING DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF COMMUNICATION: THE EFFECTS OF SIGNALS ON RESPONSE MAINTENANCE

2011 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Kelley ◽  
Dorothea C. Lerman ◽  
Wayne W. Fisher ◽  
Henry S. Roane ◽  
Amanda N. Zangrillo
Keyword(s):  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Delay ◽  
Delay Fading
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