scholarly journals Secondary reinforcement strength with continuous primary reinforcement: Fixed-ratio and continuous secondary reinforcement schedules

1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Swiergosz ◽  
Harvard L. Armus
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Primary Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules

Behavioral Effects of Microwave Reinforcement Schedules and Variations in Microwave Intensity on Albino Rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
J. Ken Lambert ◽  
Stella W. Brown ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Ratio Schedule ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Exploratory Investigation

The objective of this exploratory investigation was to determine the interactive effects of fixed-ratio scheduling of microwave reinforcement in tandem with changes in microwave intensity. Nine albino rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with microwave radiation while living in a Skinner (operant conditioning) Box in which the ambient temperature was about 27.13°F at the beginning of the session. Each rat obtained a 6-sec. exposure of microwave radiation on a fixed-ratio schedule of MW reinforcement, the values of which varied from FR-1 to FR-30. Intensities of MW radiation were 62.5 W, 125 W, 250 W, and 437.5 W. Sessions lasted for 8 to 9 hr. over an approximate 13-mo. period. The effects of the intensity of microwave reinforcement varied as a function of the ratio value of the schedule used. Continuous reinforcement (FR-1) produced the lowest over-all rates, whereas FR-15, and FR-25 produced the highest over-all rates. Relatively higher thermal-behavior rates occurred under 62.5 W than under any of the other MW intensities for FR-1, FR-15, and FR-25, whereas FR-10 and FR-30 ratios produced intermediate rates of thermal responding which were constant for all values of MW intensity. These data are explained in terms of interactive effects between the “local” satiation or deprivation properties of the MW intensity and the ratio requirements of the schedule of MW reinforcement.

scholarly journals Fixed-interval and fixed-ratio reinforcement schedules with human subjects

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence T. Stoddard ◽  
Murray Sidman ◽  
Joseph V. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Fixed Interval ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

scholarly journals Seismic Responses of GRS Walls with Secondary Reinforcements Subjected to Earthquake Loading

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7084
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsuan Liu ◽  
Ching Hung
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforced Soil ◽  
Primary Reinforcement ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Seismic Responses ◽  
Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil ◽  
Acceleration Amplification ◽  
Vertical Spacing

Secondary reinforcement has been proven to be effective in increasing the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls under working stress conditions, enabling an eco-friendlier environment. However, the seismic responses of GRS walls with secondary reinforcements are still unclear. In this study, in-depth finite element analyses were used to investigate the seismic responses of GRS walls with secondary reinforcement subjected to earthquake motions. The numerical procedure was first validated using measurements obtained from both a field GRS wall with secondary reinforcement and benchmark large-scale shaking table tests. Then, the validated GRS walls procedure was utilized to explore the effects of secondary reinforcement length and stiffness, the vertical spacing of the primary reinforcement, and wall height on the seismic responses. Based on the study, the following findings can be drawn: (i) the secondary reinforcement length and stiffness under various wall heights and peak ground accelerations (PGAs) have a limited influence on the relative lateral facing displacement and acceleration amplification, however, they can significantly decrease the connection load and the maximum reinforcement load; (ii) increasing the length of the secondary reinforcement is more effective for reducing the connection load and the maximum reinforcement load than increasing the stiffness of the secondary reinforcement; (iii) the effect of secondary reinforcement is more evident for greater wall height, the larger vertical spacing of primary reinforcement, and smaller PGA; and (iv) GRS walls with secondary reinforcement could ease the acceleration amplification. The study has highlighted the salient effect of secondary reinforcement on GRS wall performance under seismic conditions.

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