Relation of amount of primary reinforcement to discrimination and to secondary reinforcement strength.

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Stebbins
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Primary Reinforcement

scholarly journals Seismic Responses of GRS Walls with Secondary Reinforcements Subjected to Earthquake Loading

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7084
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsuan Liu ◽  
Ching Hung
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforced Soil ◽  
Primary Reinforcement ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Seismic Responses ◽  
Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil ◽  
Acceleration Amplification ◽  
Vertical Spacing

Secondary reinforcement has been proven to be effective in increasing the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls under working stress conditions, enabling an eco-friendlier environment. However, the seismic responses of GRS walls with secondary reinforcements are still unclear. In this study, in-depth finite element analyses were used to investigate the seismic responses of GRS walls with secondary reinforcement subjected to earthquake motions. The numerical procedure was first validated using measurements obtained from both a field GRS wall with secondary reinforcement and benchmark large-scale shaking table tests. Then, the validated GRS walls procedure was utilized to explore the effects of secondary reinforcement length and stiffness, the vertical spacing of the primary reinforcement, and wall height on the seismic responses. Based on the study, the following findings can be drawn: (i) the secondary reinforcement length and stiffness under various wall heights and peak ground accelerations (PGAs) have a limited influence on the relative lateral facing displacement and acceleration amplification, however, they can significantly decrease the connection load and the maximum reinforcement load; (ii) increasing the length of the secondary reinforcement is more effective for reducing the connection load and the maximum reinforcement load than increasing the stiffness of the secondary reinforcement; (iii) the effect of secondary reinforcement is more evident for greater wall height, the larger vertical spacing of primary reinforcement, and smaller PGA; and (iv) GRS walls with secondary reinforcement could ease the acceleration amplification. The study has highlighted the salient effect of secondary reinforcement on GRS wall performance under seismic conditions.

Secondary reinforcement strength and primary reinforcement schedule.

1964 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvard L. Armus ◽  
James F. Guinan ◽  
Ronald A. Crowell ◽  
Stephen R. Schroeder ◽  
J. Anthony Rudge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Primary Reinforcement

scholarly journals Behavior in mice subjected to a Token Slot-machine: effect of Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arwen Emy Sfregola ◽  
Bruno Brizard ◽  
Anne-Marie Le Guisquet ◽  
Clemence Tillet ◽  
Eulalie Lefevre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Primary Reinforcement ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress ◽  
To Receive

Several studies have succeeded in teaching animals (primates, pigeons, rats, but not mice) the value of tokens by having them executing a task using a vending-machine apparatus, where in order to receive the primary reinforcement (food), the animals had to perform a specific action that allowed them to obtain the secondary reinforcement (tokens: metal balls). We tried to assess this kind of behavior in mice that had previously been trained to use some tokens, with the aim of rewarding them not with food, but with other tokens, as a result of a token economy task. We found that mice exhibit economic behavior. Further on, our research tried to investigate the effect of stress on their operant decision-making. Therefore, the mice were divided into two groups: a Control group (n=10) and a group subjected to an Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) treatment (n=8). We found that chronic stress increases some aspects of sub-optimal economic activity.

Utilization of waste spent alumina catalyst and agro-waste rice husk ash as reinforcement materials with scrap aluminium alloy wheel matrix

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashi Prakash Dwivedi ◽  
Pardeep Sharma ◽  
Ambuj Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Primary Reinforcement ◽  
Alumina Catalyst ◽  
Squeeze Pressure ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Reinforcement Material

In this study, an attempt was made to utilize waste products from industries to develop composite materials. In the present study, car scrap aluminium alloy wheels (SAAWs) was used as matrix material. Waste rice husk ash (RHA) was collected from a rice mill to utilize as a primary reinforcement material. Spent alumina catalyst (SAC) waste was used as a secondary reinforcement material. SAC was collected from the oil refinery industry. These wastes produced lots of soil and air pollution. However, by utilizing these wastes, some environment pollutions can be reduced. Car scrap aluminium alloy wheels (SAAWs) based composite material was developed using RHA as primary reinforcement material and SAC as a secondary reinforcement material by stir casting technique followed by squeeze pressure on the universal testing machine (UTM) in mushy zone. Microstructure behaviour shows a uniform distribution of RHA and SAC in a recycled aluminium alloy matrix. Mechanical properties such as hardness, ductility, compressive strength and tensile strength were improved using RHA and SAC as reinforcement material simultaneously in SAAWs matrix material. Thermal expansion behaviour, soil degradation test and corrosion loss were also observed to see the effect of agro-waste RHA and SAC in recycled aluminium alloy.

scholarly journals PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REINFORCEMENTS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE CORBELS

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 836-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Rezaei ◽  
Siti Aminah Osman ◽  
Nandivaram E. Shanmugam
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Modelling ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Primary Reinforcement ◽  
Element Modelling ◽  
Vertical Loading ◽  
Applied Loading ◽  
Horizontal Loading ◽  
Normal Strength ◽  
Strength And Ductility

The study is concerned with normal-strength concrete corbels. 30 such corbels were studied by finite element modelling and the variables considered include ratios of primary and secondary reinforcement, type of applied loading, vertical or horizontal. Finite element modelling with a software package LUSAS was used to analyse four series of corbels namely PV series (primary reinforcement with vertical loading), SV series (secondary reinforcement with vertical loading), PH series (primary reinforcement with horizontal loading) and SH series (secondary reinforcement with horizontal loading). The results indicate that corbels with neither primary reinforcement nor secondary reinforcement fail suddenly. In the case of PV series and SV series, corbels increase in ratio of primary and secondary reinforcement generally resulted in enhancement of strength and ductility when subjected to only vertical loading. This increase is significant up to 0.4% in the case of primary reinforcement and 0.3% in the case of secondary reinforcements. No noticeable change in ultimate load or ductility was observed for corbels in PH series and SH series.

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