scholarly journals Classical and avoidance conditioning of the nictitating membrane in frogs (Rana pipiens) and toads (Bufo Americanus)

1969 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Yaremko ◽  
Robert Boice ◽  
Richard W. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Conditioning ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Nictitating Membrane ◽  
Bufo Americanus

The biology of Trypanosoma andersoni n. sp. and Trypanosoma grylli Nigrelli, 1944 (Kinetoplastida) from Hyla versicolor LeConte, 1825 (Anura)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian O. Reilly ◽  
P. T. K. Woo
Keyword(s):  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Rana Catesbeiana ◽  
Rana Sylvatica ◽  
Hyla Versicolor ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Hyla Cinerea ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Osteopilus Septentrionalis ◽  
Centrifugation Technique ◽  
Acris Gryllus

From May 1979 to July 1980, the blood of 196 mature Hyla versicolor LeConte from six sites in southern Ontario and southeastern Manitoba was examined for trypanosomes using the haematocrit centrifugation technique. Trypanosoma andersoni n. sp. and Trypanosoma grylli Nigrelli were found in 5.2 and 5.6% of the frogs examined. Three frogs (1.5%) were infected with both species of trypanosomes. Blood trypomastigotes of both species were monomorphic. Blood trypomastigotes of T. andersoni n. sp. were long and slender, tapering at both ends, whereas those of T. grylli were pyriform with a rounded posterior and tapered anterior.Both blood and culture forms of these trypanosomes were infective to laboratory-raised H. versicolor and Hyla crucifer Wied. Trypanosoma grylli was also infective to a field-collected Acris gryllus (LeConte). Neither trypanosome was infective to laboratory-raised Rana catesbeiana Shaw, Rana clamitans Rafinesque tadpoles, Rana pipiens Schreber, Rana sylvatica LeConte, or Xenopus laevis Daudin. Trypanosoma andersoni n. sp. was also not infective to laboratory-raised Bufo americanus Holbrook, Pseudacris triseriata (Wied), or to field-collected Hyla cinerea (Schneider) and Osteopilus septentrionalis Dumeril and Bibron. Neither species was infective to field-collected Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque).

The extent of long-term temperature compensation for jumping distance in the frog, Rana pipiens, and the toad, Bufo americanus

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1284-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Renaud ◽  
E. D. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Test Temperature ◽  
Temperature Compensation ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Thermal Compensation ◽  
Muscular System ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Toad Bufo

The effects of acclimation to either 5 or 25 °C were studied on the longest jumping distances of Rana pipiens and Bufo americanus to estimate their capacity for long-term compensation. Animals were tested randomly at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. Both Rana and Bufo jumped further at higher temperatures. For both species, acclimation temperature modified the effect of test temperature. At test temperatures of 20 and 25 °C, frogs acclimated to 25 °C jumped further than those acclimated to 5 °C. There was no evidence for thermal compensation in toads, but half of those acclimated to 25 °C would not jump when tested at 5 °C, whereas only 1 out of 16 cold-acclimated toads did not jump. We suggest that the acclimation effects on the jumping ability of R. pipiens at high temperatures are important in increasing their ability to escape predation and that this effect depends on an effect on the nervous system rather than the muscular system.

Comparison of the sequence and structure of transcription factor IIIA from Bufo americanus and Rana pipiens

Gene ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J. Gaskins ◽  
James F. Smith ◽  
Martha K. Ogilvie ◽  
Jay S. Hanas
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Transcription Factor Iiia

Preoptic Activation of Frog Mating Behavior

Behaviour ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 30 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 239-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Preoptic Nucleus ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Electrode Holder ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractThe effects of preoptic lesions on mating calling and mate orientation were studied in Rana pipiens and several species of tree frogs (Hylidae). Mating calling was evoked by electrical stimulation of the preoptic area of Rana pipiens and Bufo americanus. A new chronic electrode holder is described. It is concluded that the region of the dorsal magnocellular preoptic nucleus is needed for mate orientation and that the region of the ventral magnocellular preoptic nucleus is needed for mating calling. It is suggested that these preoptic regions may act mainly as activators of more posterior "centers". Mating calling may have evolved through the origin of connections between pre-existing preoptic activators and a pre-existing release calling "center", rather than through the origin of a new mating calling "center".

Interspecific relationships of oviducal materials as related to fertilization in Amphibia

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-225
Author(s):  
John R. Shaver ◽  
Stephanie H. Barch ◽  
Carmen C. Umpierre
Keyword(s):  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Interspecific Relationships

Experiments are described in which eggs of Rana species were treated prior to insemination with antisera prepared against oviducal materials of Rana, Bufo, and Ambystoma species. Three types of treatment with antisera were employed. Eggs of Rana pipiens and R. clamitans were treated with antisera against materials prepared from whole oviducts, or from upper and lower segments of oviducts, of R. pipiens, R. clamitans, R. sylvatica, R. catesbeiana, Bufo americanus, B. marinus and Ambystoma mexicanum. Eggs of R. pipiens were treated with antisera against materials from whole oviducts, or from upper, middle or lower oviducal regions, of R. pipiens, which had been absorbed with materials from whole oviducts of the species named above. Eggs of R. pipiens were treated with antisera against materials from whole oviducts, or from upper, middle or lower oviducal segments of R. pipiens, which antisera had each been absorbed with material from whole, upper, middle or lower oviducts of Rana species. The results indicated that treatment with antisera against oviducal materials of Rana origin was inhibitory to fertilization of Rana eggs, while treatment with antisera against oviducal materials from other amphibian genera was not. The experiments with absorbed antisera indicated that the secretion by the oviducts of R. pipiens of components also occurring in other Rana species is regionally localized in the oviduct. The relationships of secretions of amphibian oviducts to fertilization is discussed in connexion with the histochemically demonstrable complexity of the jelly envelopes around eggs.

Role of Organic Complexation in the Toxicity of Aluminum to Rana pipiens Embryos and Bufo americanus Tadpoles

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Freda ◽  
Vandy Cavdek ◽  
D. Gordon McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Organic Complexation ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Water Pond ◽  
Acid Toxicity

This study investigated the influence of naturally occurring organic compounds on the survival of amphibian embryos and larvae in acidic, aluminum contaminated water. A series of laboratory tests were conducted which measured aluminum toxicity in artificial soft water (ASW) diluted with varying amounts of pond water which contained dissolved organic compounds. At pH 4.5 for tadpoles of Bufo americanus and pH 4.8 for embryos of Rana pipiens, the organic compounds (DOC 5.7 to 16.2 mg∙L−1) complexed the aluminum and thus increased the LC50 for total aluminum by more than two fold. At pH 4.2, 100% ASW and the four dilutions of pond water were toxic to R. pipiens embryos (75–96% mortality), in contrast to higher pH's, aluminum ameliorated acid toxicity which resulted in a 26% reduction in mortality in 100% ASW at 250 mg∙L−1 total aluminum. Although the organic compounds in the pond water also complexed aluminum at pH 4.2, protective levels of labile aluminum [Formula: see text] were still present at 450 μg∙L−1 total aluminum. However, at a given level of labile aluminum in pH 4.2 water, pond water was more toxic to embryos than ASW. At pH 4.2, pond water without added Al was also significantly more toxic to embryos than 100% ASW with 0 μg∙L−1 Al. Toxicity tests using purified humic and fulvic acid sugested that these compounds may be the toxic agents in high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pond water.

Hearing and Responses To Calls in Anurans

Behaviour ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 280-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Nerve Response ◽  
Repetitive Nature ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Human Hearing

Abstract1. Nerve responses evoked by tone pips of known frequency were recorded from the medulla of Bufo americanus, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, Pseudacris triseriata, and Hyla crucifer. 2. Nerve responses were obtained between 20 cps and 4000 cps in Bufo and Rana, and between 100 cps and 6000 cps in Pseudacris and Hyla. 3. In all species, the best frequency for nerve responses was 1000 cps. In Pseudacris and Hyla there was a second low threshold area at 2000-3000 cps. It is suggested that the lower frequency dip in the response curve may represent responses from the pars amphibiorum and that the higher frequency dip may represent responses from the pars basilaris. 4. The threshold at the best frequency in Rana is similar to the sensitivity of human hearing. 5. Three Pseudacris and one Hyla were induced to answer tone pips. 6. These answered pips of frequencies between 700 cps and 4600 cps. Since this conforms to the high frequency dip in the nerve response curve, it is suggested that the Hylids might have been hearing pips with the pars basilaris only. 7. Pseudacris answered pips of a great variety of durations and intervals. 8. The data suggest that responses of Pseudacris males to frog calls may be, to a great extent, non-specific. 9. Alternating of calls in duets is controlled by at least two factors. There is a constant latency between a call and the stimulus eliciting it. A stimulus following a call too closely inhibits calling. 10. The data obtained here and by others suggest that even for location of males by females, the repetitive nature and frequency of calls may be of only minor importance. Rather, trill rate is implicated as an important call parameter.

Development and transmission of Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) Adamson, 1981 (Pharyngodonidae: Oxyuroidea)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1351-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Rana Clamitans ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Individual Female ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Water Pond

Individual female Gyrinicola batrachiensis from tadpoles produce thin-shelled larvated eggs and thick-shelled eggs containing embryos in an early stage of cleavage. Larvae in thin-shelled eggs hatched soon after deposition and survived for less than 1 h in aged tap water, pond water, or diluted buffer. Results presented herein show that thin-shelled eggs are autoinfective whereas thick-shelled eggs are transmission agents. Thick-shelled eggs isolated from natural infections in Rana clamitans, Rana pipiens, and Bufo americanus were infective to tadpoles of R. clamitans, R. sylvatica, Pseudacris triseriata, and B. americanus but not to transformed anurans. All worms recovered from tadpoles experimentally infected with eggs from natural infections in B. americanus were females and only 15% of worms examined from tadpoles experimentally infected with eggs from natural infections in R. clamitans were males. Development of G. batrachiensis was studied in experimentally infected R. clamitans held at 20 and 25 °C. Development was more rapid at 25 °C and males developed more rapidly than females at both temperatures. Adult males were first observed after 9 days (25 °C) and 16 days (20 °C) and adult females were first observed after 12 days (25 °C) and 19 days (20 °C).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document