Development and transmission of Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) Adamson, 1981 (Pharyngodonidae: Oxyuroidea)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1351-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Rana Clamitans ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Individual Female ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Water Pond

Individual female Gyrinicola batrachiensis from tadpoles produce thin-shelled larvated eggs and thick-shelled eggs containing embryos in an early stage of cleavage. Larvae in thin-shelled eggs hatched soon after deposition and survived for less than 1 h in aged tap water, pond water, or diluted buffer. Results presented herein show that thin-shelled eggs are autoinfective whereas thick-shelled eggs are transmission agents. Thick-shelled eggs isolated from natural infections in Rana clamitans, Rana pipiens, and Bufo americanus were infective to tadpoles of R. clamitans, R. sylvatica, Pseudacris triseriata, and B. americanus but not to transformed anurans. All worms recovered from tadpoles experimentally infected with eggs from natural infections in B. americanus were females and only 15% of worms examined from tadpoles experimentally infected with eggs from natural infections in R. clamitans were males. Development of G. batrachiensis was studied in experimentally infected R. clamitans held at 20 and 25 °C. Development was more rapid at 25 °C and males developed more rapidly than females at both temperatures. Adult males were first observed after 9 days (25 °C) and 16 days (20 °C) and adult females were first observed after 12 days (25 °C) and 19 days (20 °C).

Role of Organic Complexation in the Toxicity of Aluminum to Rana pipiens Embryos and Bufo americanus Tadpoles

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Freda ◽  
Vandy Cavdek ◽  
D. Gordon McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Organic Complexation ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Water Pond ◽  
Acid Toxicity

This study investigated the influence of naturally occurring organic compounds on the survival of amphibian embryos and larvae in acidic, aluminum contaminated water. A series of laboratory tests were conducted which measured aluminum toxicity in artificial soft water (ASW) diluted with varying amounts of pond water which contained dissolved organic compounds. At pH 4.5 for tadpoles of Bufo americanus and pH 4.8 for embryos of Rana pipiens, the organic compounds (DOC 5.7 to 16.2 mg∙L−1) complexed the aluminum and thus increased the LC50 for total aluminum by more than two fold. At pH 4.2, 100% ASW and the four dilutions of pond water were toxic to R. pipiens embryos (75–96% mortality), in contrast to higher pH's, aluminum ameliorated acid toxicity which resulted in a 26% reduction in mortality in 100% ASW at 250 mg∙L−1 total aluminum. Although the organic compounds in the pond water also complexed aluminum at pH 4.2, protective levels of labile aluminum [Formula: see text] were still present at 450 μg∙L−1 total aluminum. However, at a given level of labile aluminum in pH 4.2 water, pond water was more toxic to embryos than ASW. At pH 4.2, pond water without added Al was also significantly more toxic to embryos than 100% ASW with 0 μg∙L−1 Al. Toxicity tests using purified humic and fulvic acid sugested that these compounds may be the toxic agents in high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pond water.

Survival characteristics of Cercaria chackai (Digenea: Transversotrematidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mohandas ◽  
M.S. Syed Ismail Koya
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Digenetic Trematode ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Water Pond ◽  
Survival Pattern ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThe survival characteristics of Cercaria chackai, the larval form of the curious ectoparasitic digenetic trematode Transversotrema chackai, in sea water, sea water diluted with deionized water in different proportions, deionized water, pond water and tap water were studied. Naturally shed, fresh cercariae had the maximum life span of 20 h 40 min in pond water at salinity 17·8‰, pH 6·45, O2 5·76ml/l and temperature 31·5°C. With increase in salinities beyond 17·8‰, survival time was drastically reduced and beyond 23·58‰,, was restricted to a few minutes. In sea water with a salinity of 38·3‰, the maximum survival time was only 8 min. Below 17·8‰ salinity, although the survival time was less, the difference was not very marked and even in tap water with no salinity, the cercariae lived up to 19 h 50 min. In deionized water the maximum survival time was only 3 h 15 min. Since pond water at pH 6·45 allowed maximum survival time, it is presumed that the cercariae preferred a slightly acidic medium. As temperature was maintained constant and oxygen was available, neither of these two factors, apparently, affected the survival pattern. It is concluded that C. chackai is a typical freshwater form showing considerable tolerance to fluctuations in salinity although the family Transversotrematidae is considered to have a marine origin.

Seasonal changes in populations of Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) in wild tadpoles

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1377-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Rana Clamitans ◽  
Bufo Americanus ◽  
Individual Female ◽  
Single Generation ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Permanent Pond ◽  
Young Of The Year ◽  
Almost All

Five hundred and thirty-five tadpoles of Rana clamitans, collected from a permanent pond throughout spring, summer and fall, 1976 to 1978, and 85 tadpoles of Bufo americanus, collected from a seasonal marsh in summer, 1978 were examined for the presence of Gyrinicola batrachiensis. Rana clamitans laid eggs in June or July, passed one winter in the tadpole stage, and metamorphosed the following June or July. Gyrinicola batrachiensis occurred only in tadpoles and was lost from metamorphosing tadpoles prior to the eruption of the forelimbs. Individual female worms produce thick-shelled eggs involved in transmission as well as thin-shelled, autoinfective eggs. The number of each egg type in female worms collected from August 1977 to June 1978 was determined. Young-of-the-year tadpoles apparently were infected by ingesting thick-shelled eggs. In late fall almost all tadpoles contained adult worms and thin-shelled eggs predominated in female worms at this time. There was no transmission or autoinfection in winter; female worms which had wintered in tadpoles deposited autoinfective thin-shelled eggs in April resulting in a sharp increase in intensity. Females of the autoinfective generation matured in May and June, and contained almost exclusively thick-shelled eggs. Thus, young-of-the-year tadpoles enter an environment recently contaminated with thick-shelled eggs of G. batrachiensis. Bufo americanus hatches and metamorphoses in a single season. In this host, G. batrachiensis underwent a single generation. Males were not found and females contained only thick-shelled eggs. The absence of autoinfective eggs in worms from this host is understandable because of the brief period toads spent as tadpoles.

Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spi-ders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata IVAN L. F. MAGALHÃES & ADALBERTO J. SANTOS (Brazil)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2983 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
IVAN L. F. MAGALHÃES ◽  
ADALBERTO J. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Brazilian Amazonia ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Senior Synonym ◽  
First Time

In this paper, M. yanomami n. sp., from Brazilian Amazonia, Chaetacis bandeirante n. sp., from Central Brazil, and the males of M. gaujoni Simon, 1897 and M. ruschii (Mello-Leitão, 1945) n. comb. , respectively from Ecuador and Brazil, are described and illustrated for the first time. An ontogenetic series of the last development stages of both sexes of Micrathena excavata (C. L. Koch, 1836) is illustrated and briefly described. Adult females are larger and have longer legs and larger abdomens than adult males. Probably females undergo at least one additional moult before adulthood, compared to males. Micrathena ornata Mello-Leitão, 1932 is considered a junior synonym of M. plana (C. L. Koch, 1836), and M. mastonota Mello-Leitão 1940 is synonymized with M. horrida (Taczanowski, 1873). Acrosoma ruschii Mello-Leitão, 1945 is revalidated, transferred to Micrathena and considered a senior synonym of M. cicuta Gonzaga & Santos, 2004. Chaetacis necopinata (Chickering, 1960) is recorded for Brazil for the first time. Chaetacis incisa (Walckenaer, 1841) is considered a nomen dubium.

Spacing, movements, and habitat selection of the river otter in boreal Alberta

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1314-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Reid ◽  
T. E. Code ◽  
A. C. H. Reid ◽  
S. M. Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Lontra Canadensis ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
River Otters ◽  
Aquatic Mammal ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Bog Lakes ◽  
Selection Of

Seasonal spacing patterns, home ranges, and movements of river otters (Lontra canadensis) were studied in boreal Alberta by means of radiotelemetry. Adult males occupied significantly larger annual home ranges than adult females. Males' ranges overlapped those of females and also each other's. In winter, home ranges of males shrank and showed less overlap. Otters often associated in groups, the core members typically being adult females with young, or adult males. Otters tended to be more solitary in winter. In winter, movement rates of all sex and age classes were similar, and much reduced for males compared with those in other seasons. These data indicated a strong limiting effect of winter ice on behaviour and dispersion. We tested the hypothesis that otters select water bodies in winter on the basis of the suitability of shoreline substrate and morphology for dens with access both to air and to water under ice. Intensity of selection was greatest in winter, with avoidance of gradually sloping shorelines of sand or gravel. Adults selected bog lakes with banked shores containing semi-aquatic mammal burrows, and lakes with beaver lodges. Subadults selected beaver-impounded streams. Apart from human harvest, winter habitats and food availability in such habitats are likely the two factors most strongly limiting otter density in boreal Alberta.

Time-Budgets of Camargue Horses Ii. Time-Budgets of Adult Horses and Weaned Sub-Adults

Behaviour ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 72 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social System ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Young Horses

AbstractTime-budgets of adult and weaned sub-adult horses were studied in a small population of Camargue horses living in semi-liberty. The categories of activities used were: Standing resting, Lying flat, Lying up, Standing alert, Walking, Trotting, Galloping, Rolling and Foraging. The main differences in time-budgets were related to age and to sex : young horses spent more time lying (sleeping), males spent more time standing alert and in rapid movements (trot, gallop), while usually foraging less than did the adult females. During the three years of the study the population increased from 20 to 54 horses and there were considerable changes in social structure as the number of adult males increased. Associated with these developments there were some changes between years in the time-budgets: the most striking of which was a general trend for all horses to spend less time lying. Nonetheless the time-budgets showed a considerable constancy across years and age/sex-classes, especially with regard to time spent foraging. This conclusion may provide a clue as to why horses have an unusual social system based on long term relationships between a male and the females of his harem.

Extrinsic Inter- and Intra-specific Competition in Parasitoid Wasps

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Ode ◽  
Dhaval K. Vyas ◽  
Jeffrey A. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Apparent Competition ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms

The diverse ecology of parasitoids is shaped by extrinsic competition, i.e., exploitative or interference competition among adult females and males for hosts and mates. Adult females use an array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral mechanisms to engage in competition that may be either intra- or interspecific. Weaker competitors are often excluded or, if they persist, use alternate host habitats, host developmental stages, or host species. Competition among adult males for mates is almost exclusively intraspecific and involves visual displays, chemical signals, and even physical combat. Extrinsic competition influences community structure through its role in competitive displacement and apparent competition. Finally, anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, pollutants, and climate change result in phenological mismatches and range expansions within host–parasitoid communities with consequent changes to the strength of competitive interactions. Such changes have important ramifications not only for the success of managed agroecosystems, but also for natural ecosystem functioning. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 67 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Observations on social behaviour of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus (L.)) during terrestrial haul-out

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Body Contact ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Odobenus Rosmarus

Social interactions in walrus herds of mixed sex and age composition were recorded at a haul-out site on the east coast of Bathurst Island, N.W.T., during July–August 1977. Most walruses maintained body contact with at least one other walrus while hauled out on land; herds were usually circular in shape. Adult males, adult females, and immatures all displaced other walruses, and thus entered herds, by jabbing with the tusks. Dominance during agonistic interactions was related to relative tusk length and sex and age of interactants. Behaviour of walruses on land suggested an energetic advantage in mutual body contact, which would be maximized by occupation of interior positions within herds.

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