scholarly journals The role of the mirror-image reversal effect in reducing the peak shift and area shift along the angularity dimension

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
William D. Klipec ◽  
Larry Lindblom ◽  
Linda Lindblom
Keyword(s):  
Peak Shift ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Reversal Effect ◽  
Angularity Dimension ◽  
Image Reversal

The Role of Reafference in Recalibration of Limb Movement Control and Locomotion

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-310
Author(s):  
James R. Lackner ◽  
Paul DiZio
Keyword(s):  
Movement Control ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Optomotor Response ◽  
Coriolis Forces ◽  
Effects Of Rotation ◽  
Centripetal Forces

The reafference model has frequently been used to explain spatial constancy during eye and head movements. We have found that its basic concepts also form part of the information processing necessary for the control and recalibration of reaching movements. Reaching was studied in a novel force environment–a rotating room that creates centripetal forces of the type that could someday substitute for gravity in space flight, and Coriolis forces which are side effects of rotation. We found that inertial, noncontacting Coriolis forces deviate the path and endpoint of reaching movements, a finding that shows the inadequacy of equilibrium position models of movement control. Repeated movements in the rotating room quickly lead to normal movement patterns and to a failure to perceive the perturbing forces. The first movements made after rotation stops, without Coriolis forces present, show mirror-image deviations and evoke perception of a perturbing force even though none is present. These patterns of sensorimotor control and adaptation can largely be explained on the basis of comparisons of efference copy, reafferent muscle spindle, and cutaneous mechanoreceptor signals. We also describe experiments on human iocomotion using an apparatus similar to that which Mittelstaedt used to study the optomotor response of the Eristalis fly. These results show that the reafference principle relates as well to the perception of the forces acting on and exerted by the body during voluntary locomotion.

Evolution of the diverse biological roles of inositols

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 223-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Michell
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Redox Reagent ◽  
Ca2 Channels ◽  
Mycobacterium Spp

Several of the nine hexahydroxycylohexanes (inositols) have functions in Biology, with myo-inositol (Ins) in most of the starring roles; and Ins polyphosphates are amongst the most abundant organic phosphate constituents on Earth. Many Archaea make Ins and use it as a component of diphytanyl membrane phospholipids and the thermoprotective solute di-L-Ins-1,1′-phosphate. Few bacteria make Ins or use it, other than as a carbon source. Those that do include hyperthermophilic Thermotogales (which also employ di-l-Ins-1,1′-phosphate) and actinomycetes such as Mycobacterium spp. (which use mycothiol, an inositol-containing thiol, as an intracellular redox reagent and have characteristic phosphatidylinositol-linked surface oligosaccharides). Bacteria acquired their Ins3P synthases by lateral gene transfer from Archaea. Many eukaryotes, including stressed plants, insects, deep-sea animals and kidney tubule cells, adapt to environmental variation by making or accumulating diverse inositol derivatives as ‘compatible’ solutes. Eukaryotes use phosphatidylinositol derivatives for numerous roles in cell signalling and regulation and in protein anchoring at the cell surface. Remarkably, the diradylglycerol cores of archaeal and eukaryote/bacterial glycerophospholipids have mirror image configurations: sn-2,3 and sn-1,2 respectively. Multicellular animals and amoebozoans exhibit the greatest variety of functions for PtdIns derivatives, including the use of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 as a signal. Evolutionarily, it seems likely that (i) early archaeons first made myo-inositol approx. 3500 Ma (million years) ago; (ii) archeons brought inositol derivatives into early eukaryotes (approx. 2000 Ma?); (iii) soon thereafter, eukaryotes established ubiquitous functions for phosphoinositides in membrane trafficking and Ins polyphosphate synthesis; and (iv) since approx. 1000 Ma, further waves of functional diversification in amoebozoans and metazoans have introduced Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor Ca2+ channels and the messenger role of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3.

Mirror Image Reversal: Is what we See what we Present?

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 869-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reg C Morris
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Object Image ◽  
Physical Explanation ◽  
Image Match ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Image Reversal

Many psychological explanations have been advanced to explain left—right reversal in mirror images, but Gregory and Haig have each proposed a physical explanation for the reversal: the first is based upon the physical rotation used to present the surface of the object to the mirror, and the second on the classical optics of reflection. These physical explanations are considered together with an explanation based on object symmetry. The apparent reversal of directional coordinates (eg left and right) that occurs in the mirror images of most objects is distinguished from reversals achieved by physical or mental rotation. It is also distinguished from the object—image match that can be achieved by mental or physical rotation of some symmetrical objects. It is concluded that the left—right reversal is not specifically optical, but is determined by multiple factors, including object symmetry, the conventional and gravitational positioning of top and bottom and back and front, and our greater familiarity with right—left than with top—bottom or back—front reversals.

Mirror-Image Reversal in Pigeons

Science ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 149 (3691) ◽  
pp. 1518-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Cumming ◽  
I. M. Siegel ◽  
D. F. Johnson ◽  
N. K. Mello
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Image ◽  
Image Reversal

Orientation and Position Effects of Mirror-Image Reversal Discrimination of Triangles by Young Children

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Upright Position ◽  
Horizontal Line ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Reversal Discrimination ◽  
Image Reversal

The effects of orientation, obliqueness and position in a triad on mirror-image reversal discrimination by 5- and 6-yr.-old Ss were assessed. Discrimination was facilitated when the triangles were in an upright position, e.g., the horizontal line was at the bottom of the figure. Within a triad of triangles position had a significant effect. The reversed triangle was more distinct when the two identical triangles were beside each other. Obliqueness did not influence mirror-image reversal discrimination.

scholarly journals Specificities of transplantation of kidneys procured from donors with situs inversus totalis: A case report and review of the literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Petrovic ◽  
Violeta Rabrenovic ◽  
Dusica Stamenkovic ◽  
Neven Vavic ◽  
Zoran Kovacevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Situs Inversus ◽  
Iliac Fossa ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Situs Inversus Totalis ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Image Reversal ◽  
The Right

Introduction. Situs inversus totalis (SIT) represents a total vertical transposition of the thoracic and abdominal organs which are arranged in a mirror image reversal of the normal positioning 1. We presented a successful pre-dialysis kidney transplantation from a living sibling donor with SIT and the longest donor follow-up period, along with analysis of the reviewed literature. Case report. The pair for pre-dialysis kidney transplantation included a 68-year-old mother and 34-year-old daughter at low immunological risk. Comorbidities evidenced in kidney donors with previously diagnosed SIT, included moderate arterial hypertension and borderline blood glucose level. Explantation of the left donor kidney and its placement into the right iliac fossa of the recipient were performed in the course of the surgical procedure. A month after nephrectomy, second degree renal failure was noticed in the donor. A 20-month follow-up of the donor?s kidney and graft in the recipient proved that their functions were excellent. Conclusion. In donors with previously diagnosed SIT the multidisciplinary approach, preoperative evaluation of the patient and detection of possible vascular anomalies are required to provide maximum safety for the donor.

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