Defensive responding and leverpress topography compatibility: Effects of shock intensity, S-S interval, and lever position

Five experiments, all employing conditioned suppression in rats, studied inhibitory conditioning to a stimulus signalling a reduction in shock intensity. Experimental subjects were conditioned to a tone signalling a 1·0 mA shock and to a tone-light compound signalling a 0·4 mA shock. On a summation test in which it alleviated the suppression maintained by a third stimulus also associated with the 1·0 mA shock, the light was established as a conditioned inhibitor. Retardation tests gave ambiguous results: the light was relatively slow to condition when paired, either alone or in conjunction with another stimulus, with the 0·4 mA shock, but the difference from a novel stimulus control group was not significant. Two final experiments found no evidence at all of inhibition on a summation test in which the light was presented in conjunction with a stimulus that had itself been associated with the 0·4 mA shock. The results of these experiments have implications for the question of what animals learn during the course of inhibitory conditioning.

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Duration of retrograde amnesia as a function of electroconvulsive shock intensity

Physiology & Behavior ◽

10.1016/0031-9384(69)90006-7 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 19-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

R.R. Pagano ◽

D.F. Bush ◽

G. Martin ◽

E.B. Hunt

Keyword(s):

Retrograde Amnesia ◽

Shock Intensity ◽

Electroconvulsive Shock

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Molecular dynamics study on shock-induced spallation and damage evolution in nano-polycrystalline Ta: Internal grain size effect vs external shock intensity effect

Journal of Applied Physics ◽

10.1063/5.0071129 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 130 (20) ◽

pp. 205104

Author(s):

Dun Wu ◽

Yaxin Zhu ◽

Minsheng Huang ◽

Lv Zhao ◽

Zhenhuan Li

Keyword(s):

Molecular Dynamics ◽

Grain Size ◽

Size Effect ◽

Shock Intensity ◽

Damage Evolution ◽

Grain Size Effect ◽

Intensity Effect

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Stall Behavior in an Ultra-High-Pressure-Ratio Centrifugal Compressor: Backward-Traveling Rotating Stall

Journal of Turbomachinery ◽

10.1115/1.4050918 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-51

Author(s):

Yingjie Zhang ◽

Xingen Lu ◽

Yanfeng Zhang ◽

Ziqing Zhang ◽

Xu Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

Shock Wave ◽

Shock Intensity ◽

Incidence Angle ◽

Pressure Ratio ◽

Leading Edge ◽

Boundary Layer Separation ◽

Rotating Stall ◽

High Pressure Ratio ◽

Ultra High Pressure

Abstract This paper describes the stall mechanism in an ultra-high-pressure-ratio centrifugal compressor. A model comprising all impeller and diffuser blade passages is used to conduct unsteady simulations that trace the onset of instability in the compressor. Backward-traveling rotating stall waves appear at the inlet of the radial diffuser when the compressor is throttled. Six stall cells propagate circumferentially at approximately 0.7% of the impeller rotation speed. The detached shock of the radial diffuser leading edge and the number of stall cells determine the direction of stall propagation, which is opposite to the impeller rotation direction. Dynamic mode decomposition is applied to instantaneous flow fields to extract the flow structure related to the stall mode. This shows that intensive pressure fluctuations concentrate in the diffuser throat as a result of changes in the detached shock intensity. The diffuser passage stall and stall recovery are accompanied by changes in incidence angle and shock wave intensity. When the diffuser passage stalls, the shock-induced boundary-layer separation region near the diffuser vane suction surface gradually expands, increasing the incidence angle and decreasing the shock intensity. The shock is pushed from the diffuser throat toward the diffuser leading edge. When the diffuser passage recovers from stall, the shock wave gradually returns to the diffuser throat, with the incidence angle decreasing and the shock intensity increasing. Once the shock intensity reaches its maximum, the diffuser passage suffers severe shock-induced boundary-layer separation and stalls again.

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Punishment: Effects of Shock Intensity on Response Suppression

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1965.16.3.721 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 721-730 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

James B. Appel ◽

Neil J. Peterson

Keyword(s):

Shock Intensity ◽

Emotional Reactions ◽

Induced Response ◽

Response Suppression ◽

Exponential Equation ◽

Shock Presentation ◽

Mild Punishment

Punishment ordinarily suppresses concurrently reinforced behavior. The amount of suppression is related to intensity of punishment by the exponential equation, RI = Rne−0.10I. This equation describes the behavior of both rats and pigeons under very different methods of shock administration. Its generality may, however, be limited by (1) order of shock presentation and (2) amount of exposure to punishment. Recovery characteristically occurs immediately following withdrawal of punishment and, in some cases, even when the contingency is still in effect (mild punishment). At extremely high intensities, however, when concomitant emotional reactions may have been induced, response suppression may be permanent.

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