scholarly journals Subordinate-level categorization relies on high spatial frequencies to a greater degree than basic-level categorization

2005 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Collin ◽  
Patricia A. Mcmullen
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Basic Level

scholarly journals Flexible time course of spatial frequency use during scene categorization

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro L. Wiesmann ◽  
Laurent Caplette ◽  
Verena Willenbockel ◽  
Frédéric Gosselin ◽  
Melissa L.-H. Võ
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Scene Categorization ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Outdoor Scenes ◽  
Indoor Scenes ◽  
Fine Pattern ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Basic Level

AbstractHuman observers can quickly and accurately categorize scenes. This remarkable ability is related to the usage of information at different spatial frequencies (SFs) following a coarse-to-fine pattern: Low SFs, conveying coarse layout information, are thought to be used earlier than high SFs, representing more fine-grained information. Alternatives to this pattern have rarely been considered. Here, we probed all possible SF usage strategies randomly with high resolution in both the SF and time dimensions at two categorization levels. We show that correct basic-level categorizations of indoor scenes are linked to the sampling of relatively high SFs, whereas correct outdoor scene categorizations are predicted by an early use of high SFs and a later use of low SFs (fine-to-coarse pattern of SF usage). Superordinate-level categorizations (indoor vs. outdoor scenes) rely on lower SFs early on, followed by a shift to higher SFs and a subsequent shift back to lower SFs in late stages. In summary, our results show no consistent pattern of SF usage across tasks and only partially replicate the diagnostic SFs found in previous studies. We therefore propose that SF sampling strategies of observers differ with varying stimulus and task characteristics, thus favouring the notion of flexible SF usage.

Context effects on lexical specificity in maternal and child discourse

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Lucariello ◽  
Katherine Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Natural Discourse ◽  
Category Formation ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Play Context

ABSTRACTMother–child (two-year-old) object labelling was studied in three natural discourse settings: (1) routine, caretaking; (2) free play; and (3) novel. Object labelling was found to be considerably more varied in these natural discourse settings than in experimental situations. While basic level tokens predominated in the free play context, they were significantly less prevalent in the routine and novel contexts. Additionally, subordinate level term usage was more common in the routine and novel contexts. The relation between mother and child labelling was also investigated and results indicated that context may be more important in determining level of labels than maternal modelling. Analyses of the discourse uses of non-basic level terms revealed that mothers were organizing the social-interactive context in ways that may facilitate child category formation.

scholarly journals Implementation-Independent Representation for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Humans in Processing Faces

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiying Song ◽  
Yukun Qu ◽  
Shan Xu ◽  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Gender Classification ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Explicit Representations ◽  
Task Experience

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) nowadays can match human performance in challenging complex tasks, but it remains unknown whether DCNNs achieve human-like performance through human-like processes. Here we applied a reverse-correlation method to make explicit representations of DCNNs and humans when performing face gender classification. We found that humans and a typical DCNN, VGG-Face, used similar critical information for this task, which mainly resided at low spatial frequencies. Importantly, the prior task experience, which the VGG-Face was pre-trained to process faces at the subordinate level (i.e., identification) as humans do, seemed necessary for such representational similarity, because AlexNet, a DCNN pre-trained to process objects at the basic level (i.e., categorization), succeeded in gender classification but relied on a completely different representation. In sum, although DCNNs and humans rely on different sets of hardware to process faces, they can use a similar and implementation-independent representation to achieve the same computation goal.

The Effects of Prior Processing Episodes on Basic level Superiority

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie L. Lin ◽  
Gregory L. Murphy ◽  
Edward J. Shoben
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Category Member ◽  
Conceptual Representation ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Stable Invariant ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Prior Processing

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of prior processing episodes on people's preference for categorizing objects at the basic level (e.g. dog) relative to their preference for categorizing at the superordinate (e.g. animal) and the subordinate (e.g. Dalmation) levels. The prior processing episode in Experiment 1 was designed to induce subjects to activate representations at the superordinate level, and those in the remaining experiments were designed to induce subjects to differentiate objects at the subordinate level. After the prior processing episodes, subjects performed either a free naming or a picture categorization task that required them to decide whether an illustrated object belonged to a specified category. Results showed that prior processing episodes modestly reduced the superiority of basic level to superordinate level and subordinate level in categorization but not in free naming. The results suggest that the basic-level advantage is subject to the effects of context, but the effects are not as strong as the context effects on other aspects of categorization behaviour (e.g. rating typicality of a category member). Hence, the preference for the basic level is a somewhat more stable, invariant aspect of conceptual representation. Possible determinations of this stability are discussed.

scholarly journals Conditions for Facelike Expertise With Objects

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1108-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C.-N. Wong ◽  
Thomas J. Palmeri ◽  
Isabel Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Holistic Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Configural Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Level Training

Compared with other objects, faces are processed more holistically and with a larger reliance on configural information. Such hallmarks efface processing can also be found for nonface objects as people develop expertise with them. Is this specifically a result of expertise individuating objects, or would any type of prolonged intensive experience with objects be sufficient? Two groups of participants were trained with artificial objects (Ziggerins). One group learned to rapidly individuate Ziggerins (i.e., subordinate-level training). The other group learned rapid, sequential categorizations at the basic level. Individuation experts showed a selective improvement at the subordinate level and an increase in holistic processing. Categorization experts improved only at the basic level, showing no changes in holistic processing. Attentive exposure to objects in a difficult training regimen is not sufficient to produce facelike expertise. Rather, qualitatively different types of expertise with objects of a given geometry can arise depending on the type of training.

scholarly journals Implementation-independent representation for deep convolutional neural networks and humans in processing faces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiying Song ◽  
Yukun Qu ◽  
Shan Xu ◽  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Gender Classification ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Prior Task

AbstractDeep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) nowadays can match and even outperform human performance in challenging complex tasks. However, it remains unknown whether DCNNs achieve human-like performance through human-like processes; that is, do DCNNs use similar internal representations to achieve the task as humans? Here we applied a reverse-correlation method to reconstruct the internal representations when DCNNs and human observers classified genders of faces. We found that human observers and a DCNN pre-trained for face identification, VGG-Face, showed high similarity between their “classification images” in gender classification, suggesting similar critical information utilized in this task. Further analyses showed that the similarity of the representations was mainly observed at low spatial frequencies, which are critical for gender classification in human studies. Importantly, the prior task experience, which the VGG-Face was pre-trained for processing faces at the subordinate level (i.e., identification) as humans do, seemed necessary for such representational similarity, because AlexNet, a DCNN pre-trained to process objects at the basic level (i.e., categorization), succeeded in gender classification but relied on a completely different representation. In sum, although DCNNs and humans rely on different sets of hardware to process faces, they can use a similar representation, possibly from similar prior task experiences, to achieve the same computation goal. Therefore, our study provides the first empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis of implementation-independent representation.

scholarly journals The characterization of actions at the superordinate, basic and subordinate level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonghe Zhuang ◽  
Angelika Lingnau
Keyword(s):  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Auditory Priming ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
Feature Listing ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractObjects can be categorized at different levels of abstraction, ranging from the superordinate (e.g., fruit) and the basic (e.g., apple) to the subordinate level (e.g., golden delicious). The basic level is assumed to play a key role in categorization, e.g., in terms of the number of features used to describe these actions and the speed of processing. To which degree do these principles also apply to the categorization of observed actions? To address this question, we first selected a range of actions at the superordinate (e.g., locomotion), basic (e.g., to swim) and subordinate level (e.g., to swim breaststroke), using verbal material (Experiments 1–3). Experiments 4–6 aimed to determine the characteristics of these actions across the three taxonomic levels. Using a feature listing paradigm (Experiment 4), we determined the number of features that were provided by at least six out of twenty participants (common features), separately for the three different levels. In addition, we examined the number of shared (i.e., provided for more than one category) and distinct (i.e., provided for one category only) features. Participants produced the highest number of common features for actions at the basic level. Actions at the subordinate level shared more features with other actions at the same level than those at the superordinate level. Actions at the superordinate and basic level were described with more distinct features compared to those provided at the subordinate level. Using an auditory priming paradigm (Experiment 5), we observed that participants responded faster to action images preceded by a matching auditory cue corresponding to the basic and subordinate level, but not for superordinate level cues, suggesting that the basic level is the most abstract level at which verbal cues facilitate the processing of an upcoming action. Using a category verification task (Experiment 6), we found that participants were faster and more accurate to verify action categories (depicted as images) at the basic and subordinate level in comparison to the superordinate level. Together, in line with the object categorization literature, our results suggest that information about action categories is maximized at the basic level.

scholarly journals Development of evaluative knowledge about educational activities in modern English

Neophilology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 626-635
Author(s):  
Liudmila A. Furs ◽  
Elizaveta A. Finaeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Level

The aim of the study is to develop evaluative knowledge about educational activities in modern English. The relevance of the study is determined by the cognitive approach, in the framework of which the level belonging of evaluative concepts is considered and the means of their representation are revealed. As the main method, the conceptual-definitional analysis is declared, on the basis of which the characteristics of the UPBRINGING concept are revealed and the evaluative benchmarks of the subject of assessment are established in relation to various aspects of educational activity, presented in the form of a frame. We determine that at the superordinate level, evaluative knowledge is based on the acceptability of certain indicators and their compliance with social norms. At this level, assessment is represented by the adjectives accepta-ble/unacceptable and proper. Evaluative knowledge of the basic level is represented by the adjec-tives good, bad, perfect, great, fine. For the observer, in this case, private evaluative meanings are not important, the assessment is presented in a gestalt manner and indicates the approval of the observer due to the compliance of a certain objective characteristic with the standard. At the subordinate level, the assessment is projected onto various private assessment benchmarks that are significant for the observer. It is concluded that the evaluative knowledge about educational activities is formed at the intersection of objective and evaluative characteristics.

Beyond the basics: preschool children label objects flexibly at multiple hierarchical levels

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra R. Waxman ◽  
Thomas Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Inclusion Relations ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Performance Challenges ◽  
Basic Level

ABSTRACTAlthough preschoolers typically accept the basic level label for an object (e.g. dog) and tend to resist all others (e.g. collie, animal), this tendency is not inviolable. Under certain circumstances, children accept more than one label per object. In this experiment, with 20 three- and 20 four-year-old children, we extended this body of research in three ways. We examined (1) children's production of multiple, hierarchically related labels; (2) the pragmatic consequences of the inherent asymmetry of inclusion relations; and (3) the influence of morphology (modifier + noun constructions vs. simple lexemes) at the subordinate level. Children labelled objects most frequently at the basic level, but also readily produced many non-basic level terms. Children, like adults, may prefer to label objects at the basic level, but they exhibit no general prohibition against also labelling at other, non-basic levels. Their performance challenges the notion that the ability to label objects flexibly at multiple levels is beyond the young child's capacity.

Basic Level Category Structure Emerges Gradually across Human Ventral Visual Cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1427-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Cătălin Iordan ◽  
Michelle R. Greene ◽  
Diane M. Beck ◽  
Li Fei-Fei
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Object Categories ◽  
Visual Hierarchy ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Occipitotemporal Cortex ◽  
Feature Overlap ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Basic Level

Objects can be simultaneously categorized at multiple levels of specificity ranging from very broad (“natural object”) to very distinct (“Mr. Woof”), with a mid-level of generality (basic level: “dog”) often providing the most cognitively useful distinction between categories. It is unknown, however, how this hierarchical representation is achieved in the brain. Using multivoxel pattern analyses, we examined how well each taxonomic level (superordinate, basic, and subordinate) of real-world object categories is represented across occipitotemporal cortex. We found that, although in early visual cortex objects are best represented at the subordinate level (an effect mostly driven by low-level feature overlap between objects in the same category), this advantage diminishes compared to the basic level as we move up the visual hierarchy, disappearing in object-selective regions of occipitotemporal cortex. This pattern stems from a combined increase in within-category similarity (category cohesion) and between-category dissimilarity (category distinctiveness) of neural activity patterns at the basic level, relative to both subordinate and superordinate levels, suggesting that successive visual areas may be optimizing basic level representations.

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