scholarly journals Logical reasoning, world knowledge, and mental imagery: Interconnections in cognitive processes

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Clement ◽  
Rachel Joffe Falmagne
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
World Knowledge

scholarly journals Between-subject variability in the influence of mental imagery on conscious perception

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dijkstra ◽  
M. Hinne ◽  
S. E. Bosch ◽  
M. A. J. van Gerven
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
As Effects

Abstract Mental imagery and visual perception rely on similar neural mechanisms, but the function of this overlap remains unclear. One idea is that imagery can influence perception. Previous research has shown that imagining a stimulus prior to binocular presentation of rivalling stimuli increases the chance of perceiving the imagined stimulus. In this study we investigated how this effect interacts with bottom-up sensory input by comparing psychometric response curves for congruent and incongruent imagery in humans. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used, allowing us to simultaneously study group-level effects as well as effects for individual participants. We found strong effects of both imagery as well as its interaction with sensory evidence within individual participants. However, the direction of these effects were highly variable between individuals, leading to weak effects at the group level. This highlights the heterogeneity of conscious perception and emphasizes the need for individualized investigation of such complex cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Reality-monitoring deficits and visual hallucinations in schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 10-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Mondino ◽  
Clément Dondé ◽  
Layla Lavallé ◽  
Frédéric Haesebaert ◽  
Jérôme Brunelin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
External Source ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Reality Monitoring ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
Sensory Modalities

Abstract The presence of visual hallucinations in addition to auditory hallucinations (V + AH) is associated with poor prognosis in patients with schizophrenia. However, little consideration has been given to these symptoms and their underlying cognitive bases remain unclear. Based on cognitive models of hallucinations, we hypothesized that V + AH are underpinned by an impairment in reality-monitoring processes. The objective of the present study was to test whether reality-monitoring deficits were associated with V + AH in schizophrenia. This study examined reality-monitoring abilities in two groups of patients with schizophrenia: a group of patients with V + AH (n = 24) and a group of patients with AH only (n = 22). Patients with V + AH were significantly more likely to misremember imagined words as being perceived from an external source, compared to patients with AH only (p = 0.008, d = -0.82). In other words, V + AH patients display a larger externalization bias than patients with AH only. One explanation for these results could be that experiencing hallucinations in two sensory modalities may contribute to increased vividness of mental imagery and, in turn, lead to disruption in reality-monitoring processes. This study helps to refine our understanding of the cognitive processes underlying the presence of both auditory and visual hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Individual differences in the influence of mental imagery on conscious perception

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dijkstra ◽  
M. Hinne ◽  
S.E. Bosch ◽  
M.A.J. van Gerven
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
As Effects

AbstractMental imagery and visual perception rely on similar neural mechanisms, but the function of this overlap remains unclear. One idea is that imagery can influence perception. Previous research has shown that imagining a stimulus prior to binocular presentation of rivalling stimuli increases the chance of perceiving the imagined stimulus. In this study we investigated how this effect interacts with bottom-up sensory input by comparing psychometric response curves for congruent and incongruent imagery in humans. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used, allowing us to simultaneously study group-level effects as well as effects for individual participants. We found strong effects of both imagery as well as its interaction with sensory evidence within individual participants. However, the direction of these effects were highly variable between individuals, leading to weak effects at the group level. This highlights the heterogeneity of conscious perception and emphasizes the need for individualized investigation of such complex cognitive processes.

Adapt retrieval rules and inhibit already-existing world knowledge: adjustment of world knowledge’s activation level in auditory sentence comprehension

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-668
Author(s):  
QIANYU LI ◽  
XUQIAN CHEN ◽  
QIAONING SU ◽  
SHUN LIU ◽  
JIAN HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Visual Fixation ◽  
Critical Area ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Activation Level ◽  
Critical Words ◽  
Test Package

abstractWe tested whether the proportion of typical sentences in a series of auditory sentences would lead people to adjust the strength of activation of world knowledge (i.e., retrieval rules adaptation) during comprehension. This issue is important because it could help clarify how people efficiently integrate different memory information in cognitive processes. In two experiments, all task materials were presented to participants as a whole package, in which proportions of typical sentences, with typical final locations, varied under different conditions. In Experiment 1, the proportion of typical sentences was equal to the atypical ones (i.e., 50% typical vs. 50% atypical), whereas in Experiment 2, the proportion of typical sentences was not equal to the atypical ones (i.e., 75% typical vs. 25% atypical, and 25% typical vs. 75% atypical). Visual fixation on the critical area in a visual display before/while hearing the critical words was compared across conditions, and across-condition differences were used as an index of the adaptation of the retrieval rule in the activation of world knowledge. The findings indicated that the adaptation of retrieval rules occurs throughout the whole test package of sentence comprehension, and the strength of activation of world knowledge in sentence comprehension can be adjusted.

Cognitive Models of Design Ideation

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noe Vargas Hernandez ◽  
Jami J. Shah ◽  
Steven M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
Human Problem ◽  
Design Ideation

The objective of this paper is to present a series of proposed cognitive models for specific components of design ideation. Each model attempts to explain specific cognitive processes occurring during ideation. Every model presented here is constructed with elements (i.e. cognitive processes) and theories available from cognitive psychology, human problem solving, mental imagery, and visual thinking. Every model in turn is an element of a higher-level cognitive model of design ideation. These models provide a better understanding of the components involved during ideation and their relationships.

scholarly journals The influence of classroom seating arrangement on children’s cognitive processes in primary school: The role of individual variables

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Tobia ◽  
Simona Sacchi ◽  
Veronica Cerina ◽  
Sara Manca ◽  
Ferdinando Fornara
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Seating Arrangement ◽  
Great Debate ◽  
Individual Variables

Abstract To date, despite the great debate regarding the best seating arrangement for learning in classrooms, no empirical studies have examined the direct effects of different seating arrangements on children’s cognitive processes. This is particularly important nowadays that the COVID-19 measures include maintaining distance in the classroom. Aim of this study was experimentally investigating the effect of changing the seating arrangement (clusters vs. rows and columns), on logical reasoning, creativity and theory of mind, in children attending primary school. Furthermore, some individual characteristics (e.g., gender, loneliness, popularity) were analysed as potential moderators. Results on 77 participants showed that, when children were seated in rows and columns, their score in logical reasoning was globally higher. Furthermore, when seated in rows and columns, girls showed a better performance in the theory of mind, and lonelier children performed better in theory of mind and creativity. This on field experimental study suggests the importance of considering both the nature of the task and children’s individual characteristics when deciding on a seating arrangement in the classroom.

scholarly journals THE CONTOUR OF PERINATAL EXPERIENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (18) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Yu.M. Serdyukov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Spatial Thinking ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Subjective Reality ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Partial Body ◽  
Time Continuum

The article outlines perinatal experience as a specific state of subjective reality with formation of basic mental functions, sensory deprivation, partial body immobility and hypoxia. This state is characterized by: inactivity of will; absence of self-consciousness and sometimes even feeling of “self”; spontaneity of consciousness, dominance of protopathic cognitive processes over epicritical ones, spatial thinking over logical reasoning; absence of logical form in the information received; change of space-time continuum consisting in the phenomena of reversibility, slowing down and even full stop of time and uncontrolled flow of visual and/or acoustical experiences.

Inquiries About Cognitive Thinking

2020 ◽  
pp. 212-236
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Visual Literacy ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mental Operations ◽  
Cognition And Learning

This chapter of the book is about cognitive processes and the ways they are related to learning and creating. The text discusses how scientific concepts can be translated to the realm of mental imagery and visual thinking and how solutions inspired by nature and science-based issues support developing sensitivity and the use of original ideas in our work. Because cognition and learning may not be limited to humans, the text examines some mental operations in animals. On the other hand, the text discusses how the science- and technology-related producers might enhance their imagination and problem solving with graphical thinking and visual literacy.

Automatic semantic integration during L2 sentential reading

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUNYOUNG AHN ◽  
NAN JIANG
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Real World ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
L2 Reading ◽  
Sentence Meaning ◽  
Korean Learners

Research has shown that L1 speakers can routinely generate mental imagery corresponding to sentence meaning in reading comprehension. This may reflect an efficient process of semantic integration in which information from the input combines with an individual's linguistic and real world knowledge to form a semantic representation of a sentence. Semantic integration in L2 reading has received limited attention. The present study attempted to examine the activation of mental imagery in reading among L2 speakers and thus to assess the efficiency of semantic integration during L2 reading. L2 Korean learners were tested on a sentence-based picture recognition task in which they were asked to respond to a picture immediately after reading a sentence related to the picture. Results showed that L2 Korean learners resembled native Korean speakers in their ability to generate mental imageries that reflected subtle semantic differences in sentence input.

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