scholarly journals The economic burden of cancers attributable to tobacco smoking, excess weight, alcohol use, and physical inactivity in Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Krueger ◽  
E.N. Andres ◽  
J.M. Koot ◽  
B.D. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Population Attributable Fractions ◽  
Incident Cancer ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Annual Reduction

ObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to calculate the proportion of cancers in Canada attributable to tobacco smoking (ts), alcohol use (au), excess weight (ew), and physical inactivity (pia); to explore variation in the proportions of those risk factors (rfs) over time by sex and province; to estimate the economic burden of cancer attributable to the 4 rfs; and to calculate the potential reduction in cancers and economic burden if all provinces achieved rf prevalence rates equivalent to the best in Canada.Methods We used a previously developed approach based on population-attributable fractions (pafs) to estimate the cancer-related economic burden associated with the four rfs. Sex-specific relative risk and age- and sex-specific prevalence data were used in the modelling. The economic burden was adjusted for potential double counting of cases and costs.Results In Canada, 27.7% of incident cancer cases [95% confidence interval (ci): 22.6% to 32.9%] in 2013 [47,000 of 170,000 (95% ci:38,400–55,900)] were attributable to the four rfs: ts, 15.2% (95% ci: 13.7% to 16.9%); ew, 5.1% (95% ci: 3.8% to 6.4%); au, 3.9% (95% ci: 2.4% to 5.3%); and pia, 3.5% (95% ci: 2.7% to 4.3%). The annual economic burden attributable to the 47,000 total cancers was $9.6 billion (95% ci: $7.8 billion to $11.3 billion): consisting of $1.7 billion in direct and $8.0 billion in indirect costs. Applying the lowest rf rates to each province would result in an annual reduction of 6204 cancers (13.2% of the potentially avoidable cancers) and a reduction in economic burden of $1.2 billion.Conclusions Despite substantial reductions in the prevalence and intensity of ts, ts remains the dominant risk factor from the perspective of cancer prevention in Canada, although ew and au are becoming increasingly important rfs. 

scholarly journals Regional variations in the economic burden attributable to excess weight, physical inactivity and tobacco smoking across British Columbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Krueger ◽  
J.M. Koot ◽  
D.P. Rasali ◽  
S. E. Gustin ◽  
M. Pennock
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Population Attributable Fractions ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Social Environmental

Introduction Prevalence rates of excess weight, tobacco smoking and physical inactivity vary substantially by geographical region within British Columbia (B.C.). The purpose of this study is to determine the potential reduction in economic burden in B.C. if all regions in the province achieved prevalence rates of these three risk factors equivalent to those of the region with the lowest rates. Methods We used a previously developed approach based on population-attributable fractions to estimate the economic burden associated with the various risk factors. Sexspecific relative risk and age/sex-specific prevalence data was used in the modelling. Results The annual economic burden attributable to the three risk factors in B.C. was about $5.6 billion in 2013, with a higher proportion of this total attributable to excess weight ($2.6 billion) than to tobacco smoking ($2.0 billion). While B.C. has lower prevalence rates of the risk factors than any other Canadian province, there is significant variation within the province. If each region in the province were to achieve the best prevalence rates for the three risk factors, then $1.4 billion (24% of the $5.6 billion) in economic burden could be avoided annually. Conclusion There are notable disparities in the prevalence of each risk factor across health regions within B.C., which were mirrored in each region’s attributable economic burden. A variety of social, environmental and economic factors likely drive some of this geographical variation and these underlying factors should be considered when developing prevention programs.

scholarly journals Don’t Change Much

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Krueger ◽  
S. L. Goldenberg ◽  
J. Koot ◽  
E. Andres
Keyword(s):  
Economic Burden ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Cost Avoidance ◽  
Population Attributable Fractions ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Annual Reduction

Few studies have assessed differences in the prevalence of and economic burden attributable to tobacco smoking, excess weight, physical inactivity, and alcohol use by gender. This article examines these gender differences in Canadians between the ages of 30 and 64 years. It also estimates the potential cost avoidance if the prevalence of the four risk factors (RFs) were reduced modestly in males. Data on the prevalence of the RFs and the relative risk of disease associated with each of the RFs were combined to calculate population-attributable fractions. A prevalence-based cost-of-illness approach was used to estimate the economic burden associated with the four RFs. Middle-aged Canadian males are more likely to smoke tobacco (26.4% vs. 20.2%), consume hazardous or harmful levels of alcohol (14.6% vs. 8.2%), and have excess weight (65.6% vs. 47.1%) than middle-aged Canadian females, resulting in an annual economic burden that is 27% higher in males than females. No significant differences were observed in the proportion of males who are physically inactive (48.4% vs. 49.4%). Modelling only a 1% annual relative reduction each year through to 2036 would result in a cumulative cost avoidance between 2013 and 2036 of $50.7 billion. The differences in RF prevalence between middle-aged males and females have an important effect on the population’s economic burden. A modest annual reduction in the four RFs in males can significantly affect population health and the economy over time.

Clustering of multiple health-risk factors among vocational education students: a latent class analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince Atorkey ◽  
Christine Paul ◽  
John Wiggers ◽  
Billie Bonevski ◽  
Erin Nolan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Education Students ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Risky Alcohol ◽  
Multiple Health

Abstract Physical and mental health risks often commence during young adulthood. Vocational education institutions are an ideal setting for understanding how health-risks cluster together in students to develop holistic multiple health-risk interventions. This is the first study to examine clustering of tobacco smoking, fruit intake, vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, overweight/obesity, depression, and anxiety in vocational education students and the socio-demographic characteristics associated with cluster membership. A cross-sectional survey with vocational education students (n = 1134, mean age = 24.3 years) in New South Wales, Australia. Latent class analysis identified clusters and latent class regression examined characteristics associated with clusters. Four clusters were identified. All clusters had moderate inadequate fruit intake and moderate overweight/obesity. Cluster 1 (13% of sample) had “high anxiety, high inadequate vegetable intake, low tobacco, and low alcohol use.” Cluster 2 (16% of sample) had “high tobacco smoking, high alcohol use, high anxiety, high depression, and high inadequate vegetable intake.” Cluster 3 (52% of sample) had “high risky alcohol use, high inadequate vegetable intake, low depression, low anxiety, low tobacco smoking, and low physical inactivity.” Cluster 4 (19% of sample) was a “lower risk cluster with high inadequate vegetable intake.” Compared to cluster 4, 16–25-year-olds and those experiencing financial stress were more likely to belong to clusters 1, 2, and 3. Interventions for vocational education students should address fruit and vegetable intake and overweight/obesity and recognize that tobacco use and risky alcohol use sometimes occurs in the context of mental health issues.

scholarly journals The economic benefits of risk factor reduction in Canada: Tobacco smoking, excess weight and physical inactivity

2014 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. e69-e78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Krueger ◽  
Donna Turner ◽  
Joshua Krueger ◽  
A. Elizabeth Ready
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Risk Factor Reduction

scholarly journals Burden of cancers attributable to modifiable risk factors in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Teh ◽  
Y. L. Woon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Population Attributable Fraction ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract Background This is a systematic assessment of the burden of cancers in Malaysia in 2018 using epidemiologic approach. The purpose of this study was to identify the proportion of cancers in Malaysia that were attributable to the modifiable risk factors of excess weight, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, tobacco smoking and to estimate the number of cancer cases that could be prevented if the exposure to the modifiable risk factor was reduced. Methods We estimated the Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) of the modifiable risk factors to cancers incidences in Malaysia. The two parameters used for the estimation were exposure prevalence from national representative surveys and the relative risk of getting the cancers from worldwide literature review. Results Among 38,426 cancer incidences in 2018 from Globocan data, we estimated that 22.2% (95% confidence interval (CI):14.9 to 29.6%) of the cancer incidences included in this study were attributable to the investigated modifiable risk factors. 39.1% (95% CI:27.2 to 49.7%) and 10.5% (95% CI:5.8 to 15.7%) of cancers in male and female respectively, were attributable to the studied modifiable risk factors. The top main cancers attributed by the risk factors were lung cancer (65.1%; 95% CI:56.4 to 72.9%), laryngeal cancer (63.6%; 95% CI:39.9 to 80.5%), and oesophageal cancer (51.5%; 95% CI:39.9 to 62.0%). For each risk factor studied across genders, tobacco smoking contributed the most (14.3%; 95% CI:9.9 to 17.3%), followed by excess weight (7.0%; 95% CI:4.1 to 10.2%), physical inactivity (1.0%; 95% CI:0.4 to 1.7%) and alcohol intake (0.6%; 95% CI:0.2 to 1.0%). Conclusion Findings from this study suggests that tobacco smoking and excess weight are the two predominant factors out of the four studied risk factors for cancer cases in Malaysia. Nationwide public health prevention campaigns tailored to these risk factors are recommended. However, the other risk factors such as physical inactivity and alcohol intake shall not be neglected. PAFs are estimated based on the best available data that we have currently. Regular collection of other risk factor exposure prevalence data is vital for future analyses.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Selected Risk Factors of CHD, Among People Aged 30-64 Years in the District of Gampaha, Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Athula Liyanapathirana ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Harmful Alcohol ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

Background- Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of hospital deaths in Sri Lanka. The underlying risk factors include; tobacco smoking, unhealthy diet, harmful alcohol use, physical inactivity, and medical conditions; hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidaemia. Objective of this study was to determine prevalence of CHD and risk factors among people aged 30-64 in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka. Methods- A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1192 people aged 30-64 years in district of Gampaha, recruited by probability proportionate to the population size, cluster sampling. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire on prevalence of CHD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, obesity, harmful alcohol use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco smoking and anthropometric measurements by trained data collectors. Twelve-lead ECG, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and lipid levels were done for previously undiagnosed. Data were analyzed using SPSS-21. Results- The estimated prevalence of CHD based on already diagnosed cases and Rose positive angina 6.9% (95% CI 5.4% – 8.4%), CHD based on already diagnosed cases and ECG 6.4 (95% CI 4.9% – 7.8%), hypertension 37.5% (95% CI 34.7% to 40.3%), diabetes mellitus 17.4% (95% CI 15.2% to 19.6%), dyslipidaemia 66.5% (95% CI 63.8% – 69.2%). The estimated prevalence of other modifiable risk factors of generalized obesity (BMI≥25.0) (44.0%, 95%CI41.1-46.9), sub-optimal quality diet (71.9%, 95%CI 69.3-74.5), low level of physical activity (21.7%, 95%CI 19.3-24.1), heavy or high-risk drinking 11.4% (95%CI 9.56-13.2), smoking 14.2% (95%CI 12.2-16.2). Conclusions- Estimated prevalence of CHD and selected risk factors were high in Gampaha District with a large proportion of previously undiagnosed disease. Immediate public health action is needed including training programs for healthcare workers on detection of risk factors and awareness among the public for screening for risk factors.

scholarly journals Preventability of Colorectal Cancer in Saudi Arabia: Fraction of Cases Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors in 2015–2040

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulmohsen Al-Zalabani
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Current Smoker ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Prevention Interventions

A rise in colorectal cancer (CRC) burden is expected around the globe. This study aimed to determine the population attributable fractions (PAFs) of CRC cases contributed by modifiable risk factors in Saudi Arabia. The PAF was calculated for modifiable risk factors with strong evidences of a causal association with CRC. CRC incidence was obtained from the National Cancer Registry, relative risks were retrieved from recent meta-analysis studies, and the prevalence of exposure to risk factors was obtained from national surveys. Conventional statistical formulas were used to calculate PAFs from registered CRC cases, stratified by sex. Three scenarios were proposed to make projections and present the expected effects of prevention interventions on the number of CRC cases in Saudi Arabia for 2025–2040. The results showed the largest fraction of attributable CRC cases among men and women was contributed by physical inactivity (16.13% and 16.45%), followed by excess weight (obesity: 9.71% and 6.93%; overweight: 6.05% and 1.9%); and tobacco smoking (current smoker: 3.04% and 0.18%; former smoker: 3.29% and 0.12%). We estimated that the number of projected cases attributable to physical inactivity, smoking, and excess weight in men and women would increase from 807 and 315 in 2025 to 1360 and 556 in 2040, respectively. In conclusion, physical inactivity, being overweight or obese, and tobacco smoking are major lifestyle factors affecting the incidence of CRC in Saudi Arabia. Prevention interventions and public health programs to reduce their prevalence are warranted.

Physical Inactivity and Life Expectancy in Canada

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T. Katzmarzyk
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Cancer Breast ◽  
Population Attributable Fractions ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Table Analysis ◽  
Artery Disease

Background:Although the prevalence of physical inactivity is high in Canada, few studies have assessed its public health impact.Methods:A cause-deleted methodology was employed to estimate the effects of physical inactivity on life expectancy. Life expectancy in 2002 was estimated from an abridged life table analysis, which was repeated after removing deaths from physical inactivity. Deaths from physical inactivity were estimated from published population-attributable fractions for coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, colon cancer, breast cancer, and type 2 diabetes.Results:Life expectancy was 79.7 y in the total population, 77.2 y in males, and 82.1 y in females. Compared to overall life expectancy, physical inactivity cause-deleted values were 0.86 y lower in the total population, 0.65 y lower in males, and 1.0 y lower in females.Conclusions:Life expectancy could be increased by over 10 months if Canadians could be encouraged to be physically active.

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