scholarly journals The Cost of Education

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-385
Author(s):  
Hannah Elsaadi
Keyword(s):  
School Finance ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
School Funding ◽  
District Court ◽  
Finance System ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
Definitive Solution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Funding Scheme ◽  
The Cost

This Article will analyze the Texas school finance system, evaluate its challenges, and propose reforms to simplify it. Although the Texas Legislature repeatedly promotes the idea that education is a priority, there is a long history of controversy over many aspects of education, particularly funding. Thus, to fully understand the current funding and legislative dilemma, Part III will analyze the current funding scheme. Part IV will examine the history of the finance system culminating in February 2013 when a Texas District Court ruled the current school finance system is unconstitutional due to claims of adequacy and a finding that the funding process is essentially a statewide property tax. The issues of adequacy, state property tax, and efficiency, as well as specific solutions for each, will be discussed in Part V. Instead of attempting to amend the current funding plan so that it will be constitutional by meeting the former criteria, Part VI advocates abandoning the current funding scheme for something completely different. This Article will not provide or promote a definitive solution to the issue, however, it will prove that the Texas Legislature’s approach to education funding for the last two decades has been unhurried and incomplete. As a result, both schools and students have been seriously and negatively affected by this unhurried trial-and-error system. Thus, instead of trying to fix an already broken system, this Article will emphasize the importance of a major structural change for school funding.

“Theoretically all Children are Equal. Practically this can Never be So”: The History of the District Property Tax in California and the Choice of Inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Matthew Gardner Kelly
Keyword(s):  
School Finance ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
School Funding ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Property Taxation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Funding Disparities

Background/Context Dealing mostly in aggregate statistics that mask important regional variations, scholars often assume that district property taxation and the resource disparities this approach to school funding creates are deeply rooted in the history of American education. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This article explores the history of district property taxation and school funding disparities in California during the 19th and 20th centuries. First, the article documents the limited use of district property taxation for school funding in California and several other Western states during the 19th century, showing that the development of school finance was more complicated than standard accounts suggest. Then, the article examines how a coalition of experts, activists, and politicians worked together during the early 20th century to promote district property taxation and institutionalize the idea that the wealth of local communities, rather than the wealth of the entire state, should determine the resources available for public schooling. Research Design This article draws on primary source documents from state and regional archives, including district-level funding data from nine Northern California counties, to complete a historical analysis. Conclusions/Recommendations The history of California's district property tax suggests the need for continued research on long-term trends in school finance and educational inequality. Popular accounts minimizing the historical role of state governments in school funding obscure how public policies, not just market forces shaping property values, create funding inequalities. In turn, these accounts communicate powerful messages about the supposed inevitability of funding disparities and the responsibility of state governments to correct them. Through increased attention to long-term trends in school funding, scholars can help popular commentators and policymakers avoid assumptions that naturalize inequality and narrow the possibilities for future funding reforms.

scholarly journals The Cost of Education – A Synthetic Approach

1976 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
Ronald A. Sadler ◽  
John V. Martin ◽  
C.T.K. Ching
Keyword(s):  
San Antonio ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
School Level ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Supreme Courts ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
The Cost

There is perennial interest in the quality of education relative to its cost. For example, several Supreme Courts have ruled that funding education on the basis of a real property tax is unconstitutional because it makes the quality of a child's education dependent upon the wealth of his parents and neighbors. California, Michigan, Texas, and other states have focused on this problem, though the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the Texas decision (Rodriquez et. al. vs. San Antonio). These cases illustrate continuing interest in educational quality and cost. At the school level, the relation between quality and cost is also well known. Most, if not all, school administrators continually face the problem of providing education with rapidly increasing costs. In Nevada, for example, education costs have been increasing at a rate of 13.5 percent per year.

School Finance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas A. Powe
Keyword(s):  
School District ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
School Finance ◽  
Independent School ◽  
School Funding ◽  
Property Taxes ◽  
Equal Protection Clause ◽  
Independent School District ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
History Of

This chapter discusses the legal battles over school finance in Texas. Texas was an Anglo-ruled state with two minorities as second-class citizens: blacks and Hispanics. Hernandez v. Texas and the history of discrimination against Hispanics illustrate why any desegregation remedies had to consider Hispanics as well as blacks. That was the ruling in Cisneros v. Corpus Christi Independent School District, but the major case involving Hispanics was not litigated as racial discrimination but rather as a wealth discrimination case. The chapter examines this case, which involved the Edgewood Independent School District that filed a lawsuit claiming that it has been discriminatorily treated under the Equal Protection Clause. It also considers two other cases filed by Edgewood parents including Demetrio Rodriguez, called Edgewood II and Edgewood III, as well as the legal tussle over property taxes as a source of school funding in Texas and whether education was a fundamental right.

Comparable Wages, Inflation, and School Finance Equity

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori L. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
School Finance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
Finance Equity ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
Equity And Adequacy ◽  
The Cost

A ComparableWage Index (CWI) is an attractive mechanism for measuring geographic variations in the cost of education. A CWImeasures uncontrollable variations in educator pay by observing systematic variations in the earnings of comparable workers who are not educators. Together, the 2000 census and the Occupational Employment Statistics survey support the construction of just such an index. The resulting panel of index values measures wage levels in all parts of the United States from 1997 through 2004 and reveals substantial variation in purchasing power both across school districts and across time. Such inequalities undermine the equity and adequacy goals of school finance formulas. If states were successfully directing additional resources to school districts in high-cost environments, then measured inequality within states should fall when differences in purchasing power are taken into account. Instead, cost adjustment widens the spending gap in all but a handful of states.

scholarly journals Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan Madrasah Tsanawiyah Satu Atap

MANAZHIM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Asep Rahman Sudrajat
Keyword(s):  
School Funding ◽  
School Principal ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
Professional Management ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

To realize optimal education madrasas can not be separated from professional management, it can happen if supported by adequate funding sources, because education without financing will not run. The cost of education is a very important component for the achievement of learning in schools. Giving Bos funds by the government is a breakthrough program to help school funding, but in the process of implementation it has many obstacles as experienced by the One Roof Madrasah Tsanawiyah Syifaurrhman Tasikmalaya such as delays in disbursing BOS funds, of course this can hamper the learning process. This study discusses financing management in the One Roof Madrasah Tsanawiyah Syifaurrahman Tasikmalaya which includes planning, implementing and monitoring funding. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative methods, while data collection techniques use observation, interviews and documentation. Then verify the validity of the data by triangulating data. The results showed that the financing management at MTs SA Syifaurrahman Tasikmalaya went through several stages including financing planning by analyzing the needs of madrasas for one year by a committee formed by the school principal, then the financing was carried out with the proper use of costs according to periodic needs, supervision financing is carried out by the Ministry of Religion, evaluation is carried out by reporting the details of costs incurred during one period by enclosing all transaction evidence.

This Is an Abridged Account of Delhi Which Is an Old City and One of the Chosen Ones amongst the Cities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirza Sangin Beg
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Work Spaces ◽  
History Of ◽  
English East India Company ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
Cost Of Construction

The second part of the translation has three segments. The first is dedicated to the history of Delhi from the time of the Mahabharat to the periods of Anangpal Tomar to the Mughal Emperor Humayun as also Sher Shah, the Afghan ruler. In the second and third segments Mirza Sangin Beg adroitly navigates between twin centres of power in the city. He writes about Qila Mubarak, or the Red Fort, and gives an account of the several buildings inside it and the cost of construction of the same. He ambles into the precincts and mentions the buildings constructed by Shahjahan and other rulers, associating them with some specific inmates of the fort and the functions performed within them. When the author takes a walk in the city of Shahjahanabad, he writes of numerous residents, habitations of rich, poor, and ordinary people, their mansions and localities, general and specialized bazars, the in different skills practised areas, places of worship and revelry, processions exemplifying popular culture and local traditions, and institutions that had a resonance in other cultures. The Berlin manuscript gives generous details of the officials of the English East India Company, both native and foreign, their professions, and work spaces. Mirza Sangin Beg addresses the issue of qaum most unselfconsciously and amorphously.

scholarly journals P129 The utility of routine operative swab culture in uncomplicated peri-anal abscesses

BJS Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Apoorva Khajuria ◽  
Tuba Rahim ◽  
Mariam Baig ◽  
Kai Leong ◽  
Apoorva Khajuria
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Perianal Abscess ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Incision And Drainage ◽  
Common Presentation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Operative Findings ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract Introduction Despite perianal abscess being a common presentation, certain aspects of its management remain controversial, especially the routine use of intra-operative swab cultures. Methods A retrospective review of patients that underwent incision and drainage procedures for a perianal abscess over a six-month period was undertaken. Results Over 6 months, 50 patients were identified. The male to female ratio was 3:1 and median ASA score was 1. Only 6/50 patients presented with recurrent abscess and 1 patient had history of inflammatory bowel disease. On the basis of operative findings, 39 patients (78%) had uncomplicated abscess (not associated with cellulitis, sinus or fistula); swab cultures were performed in 26 (67%) of these patients. All patients were discharged on the same day; microbiology reports did not impact the treatment and no patients were followed up in clinic post-operatively or presented with recurrence. The number of unnecessary microbiology swabs undertaken in this cohort equates to approximately 52 unnecessary swabs a year. The cost of one swab is £10.10p, which means £520 could potentially be saved annually. Conclusion Routine intra-operative swab cultures do not impact management decisions, add to unnecessary costs and therefore should not be undertaken in uncomplicated or first presentation of peri-anal abscesses.

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