scholarly journals Combined Treatment with Tenofovir (C9H14N5O4P), Emtricitabine (C8H10FN3O3S) and Efavirenz (C14H9ClF3NO2) in Multiple Spleen Abscesses with Bacterial and Fungal Etiology in HIV Infected Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-487
Author(s):  
Livius Tirnea ◽  
Oana Belei ◽  
Mirela Tomescu ◽  
Daniel Malita ◽  
Daliborca Cristina Vlad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Splenic Abscess ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasonography ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
Biological Tests ◽  
Total Splenectomy

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection represent a risk group for developing spleen abscesses. The paper presents a short review and case illustration, describing the characteristics and underling treatment of HIV-infected patients with infectious comorbidities. There are few reports in literature of multiple spleen abscesses with double, microbial and fungal etiology in HIV-infected patients. A 35 years old male patient was referred to the Infectious Diseases Clinic with prolonged fever. In the last 2 years he had worked as a waiter and had multiple unprotected sexual contacts. The physical examination showed: fever, tongue and pharynx with Candida albicans deposits, enlarged cervical, submandibular, axillar, inguinal lymph nodes and splenomegaly. Biological tests including HIV antibodies (Ab) ELISA, CD4, HIV Western blot test, cultures and paraclinical investigations-abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography were performed. There was a significant inflammatory response, HIV Ab were positive, CD4 cells=17/�L and Western blot HIV test was positive. Abdominal ultrasonography showed: splenomegaly with 3 hypoechogenic round images (13-17mm) at the superior pole, in the hilum and inferior pole. HIV infection stage C3 with oropharyngeal candidiasis and multiple splenic abscesses were diagnosed. After 6 weeks of antibiotic and antifungal therapy total splenectomy was performed. The cultures from splenic abscess contents revealed Acinetobacter baumannii and Cryptococcus neoformans. Under appropriate antibiotic and antifungal treatment, the postoperatory evolution was favorable.

AIDS in a Hemophiliac Child Transmitted by Cryoprecipitate and with Negative HIV Antibodies by Western Blot

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
JULIE M. SLIGH ◽  
ALAN P. KNUTSEN ◽  
JOHN D. BOUHASIN
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Hiv Antibodies

scholarly journals Do I Have HIV or Not? Lack of RNA Detection and the Case for Sensitive DNA Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra A Springer ◽  
Silvina Masciotra ◽  
Jeffrey A Johnson ◽  
Sheldon Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Dna Testing ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Hiv Test

Abstract We present a case of a 20-year-old male who had ambiguous HIV test results after entering new provider care and whose status was later complicated by undetectable viral RNA off antiretroviral therapy (ART). Verifying HIV infection status may occasionally require sensitive DNA testing that might need to be considered in diagnostic guidelines to resolve diagnosis and ensure appropriate ART management.

scholarly journals Hematopoietic-Specific CSNK2B Loss in Mice Causes Impaired Erythropoiesis

Blood ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (Suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 82-82
Author(s):  
Laura Quotti Tubi ◽  
Sara Canovas Nunes ◽  
Marilena Carrino ◽  
Ketty Gianesin ◽  
Sabrina Manni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Erythroid Cell ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Erythroid Cells ◽  
Erythroid Maturation

Abstract CK2 (Csnk2, casein kinase 2) is a Ser-Thr kinase composed by two catalytic (α) and two regulatory (β) subunits and involved in the regulation of various signaling cascades, which are critical for stem cell biology and hematopoietic development. However, a direct role for CK2 during blood cell differentiation is still undefined. Here, we examined the function of CK2 in erythropoiesis by using a hematopoietic-specific conditional knockout mouse model of the β regulatory subunit (Vav1-CRE x Csnk2β f/f mice). Since CK2β knockout mice died in utero, the study was carried out during gestation collecting fetuses from 12.5 to 17.5 days post conception (dpc) and performing the analysis on fetal liver. CK2β knockout fetuses were pale and hydropic, displayed a smaller liver, disarrayed vascularization and haemorrhages. Lack of CK2β caused depletion of hematopoietic/precursor cells, in particular of common lymphoid progenitors and megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors. CK2β loss resulted to affect both early and late erythroid maturation and red cell viability. CK2β knockout contained lower numbers of TER119 positive cells, which displayed a down modulation of the surface expression of transferrin receptor (CD71) and an increased spontaneous apoptosis. Erythroid cells showed alterations in morphology compatible with myelodysplastic changes. Loss of CK2β caused alterations of erythroid cell proliferation, which was different depending on the stage of erythroid maturation: indeed, BrdU and 7AAD staining showed that less mature erythroid cells (CD71+Ter119-) had a lower rate of proliferation but a normal viability; on the contrary, more mature (CD71-Ter119+) erythroid cells suffered in part of apoptosis and in part accumulated in the S phase. RNA seq analysis performed on purified Ter119+ cells revealed upregulation of TP53 -associated genes as well as of Cdkn1a (p21); on the contrary, there was a down-modulation of Stat5 (an erythropoietin receptor down-stream effector) and genes involved in red cell survival and differentiation in particular c-kit and genes associated to the PI3/Akt pathway. The expression of adhesion molecules and surface carriers for inorganic cations/anionsimportant for the osmotic equilibrium and cell membrane integrity was also found markedly dysregulated. Real time quantitative PCR and Western Blot (WB) analyses confirmed the expression data of Cdkn1a, c-Kit, Bcl-xL, Jak-Stat5 as well as of Akt-Gata-1 axis. Gata-1, the key transcription factor for definitive erythropoiesis, was reduced in CK2β knockout mice as were its downstream target genes such as Alas-2, Lrf, Eklf, Epo-R, β-globin. Immature fetal globins accumulated. In order to find a molecular mechanism, we used an in vitro model of erythroid differentiation based on G1ER cells, an estrogen inducible GATA-1 null murine erythroblast cell line; the combined treatment of β-estradiol and inhibition of CK2 through the chemical inhibitor CX-4945 or RNA interference against CK2β confirmed the negative effect on differentiation. Western blot analysis indicated a potential role of the kinase in the regulation of Akt, Gata-1 and Stat5 protein stability. Moreover, the blockade or down modulation of CK2 caused changes in Gata-1 nuclear distribution with loss of the speckled pattern induced by β-estradiol. Thus, CK2 is a likely essential controller of GATA-1 transcriptional function. Altogether, our work demonstrates that CK2 is a master regulator of erythroid development, by impinging on Stat5, Akt and Gata-1 signaling and influencing red cell viability, bioenergetics, proliferation and maturation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody Testing by Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent and Western Blot Assays Using Serum, Gingival-Crevicular Transudate, and Urine Samples

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1100-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prudencio Martínez Martínez ◽  
Antonio Rodríguez Torres ◽  
Raul Ortiz de Lejarazu ◽  
Ana Montoya ◽  
José Francisco Martín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible utilization of saliva and urine as alternative samples to serum for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A total of 302 individuals participated in the study: 187 HIV-infected individuals (106 had Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] stage II infection, 19 had CDC stage III infection, and 62 had CDC stage IV infection) and 115 noninfected persons (46 of the noninfected persons were blood donors and 69 belonged to a group at high risk of HIV infection). Paired saliva and urine samples were taken from each of the participants in the study. The presence of HIV-specific antibodies was detected by an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA), and the result was confirmed by Western blot analysis (WB). The ELFA with saliva gave maximum sensitivity and specificity values, while ELFA had lower sensitivity (95.2%) and specificity (97.4%) values for detection of HIV antibody in urine samples. WB with all saliva samples fulfilled the World Health Organization criterion for positivity, while only 96.8% of the urine samples were confirmed to be positive by WB. Among the four reactivity patterns found by WB of these alternative samples, the most frequent included bands against three groups of HIV structural proteins (was ENV, POL, and GAG). The reactivity bands most frequently observed were those for the proteins gp160 and gp120. The least common reactivity band was the band for protein p17. The detection of HIV antibodies in saliva samples by means of ELFA with the possibility of later confirmation by WB makes saliva an alternative to serum for possible use in the diagnosis of infection. In contrast, HIV antibody detection in urine samples by the same methodology (ELFA) could be taken into consideration for use in epidemiological studies.

scholarly journals Predictors Of Provider-Initiated Hiv Testing In Heterosexuals At Increased Risk Of Hiv (Het) In Puerto Rico: Data From Nhbs-Het Cycle 2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Marie Canario de la Torre ◽  
Ivony Yireth Agudelo Salas ◽  
Sandra Miranda de León ◽  
Yadira Rolón Colón ◽  
María Pabón Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have established guidelines for HIV testing in healthcare settings. The aim of this study was to identify the sociodemographic, healthcare, and sexual-behavior predictors of provider-initiated HIV testing (PIHT) using data from the Puerto Rico National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (PR-NHBS) 2016 cycle directed towards heterosexuals at increased risk of HIV infection (HET). A total sample of 531 eligible participants were recruited through respondent-driven sampling (RDS). Logistic regression models assessed the associations between sociodemographic, healthcare, and sexual-behavior predictors, whilst adjusting for sex and age. The majority of the participants were women (66.1%), with 72.7% reporting having received healthcare services in the past year. Of them, 18.7% had received an HIV-test offer from their healthcare providers. More than half of the participants (65.2%) reported a low perceived risk of getting infected with HIV in the next 12 months. Results suggest an overall low prevalence of PIHT among HET in PR who exhibited a relatively high prevalence of low perceived risk of HIV infection. Furthermore, the assessed predictors show that individuals who engaged in high-risk sexual behaviors (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.30–0.90) were less likely to receive HIV-test offers from their providers. This study further emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to follow recommended guidelines for HIV testing in healthcare settings as a means of establishing preventive measures to further counteract the HIV epidemic in Puerto Rico, specifically among HET.

The Continuous Surveillance of InSTI resistance could be an important Public Health Tool in the Fight against HIV Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppa Visalli ◽  
Alessio Facciolà ◽  
Maria Giovanna Costanzo ◽  
Angela Di Pietro
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Large Cohort ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Resistance Tests

Aims: To evaluate the frequency of the InSTIs mutations in a large cohort of HIV-infected people. Background: The Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) allow turning HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic infection and Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (InSTIs) represent the cornerstone of this treatment. However, the spread of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations represents an emerging threat to the long-term success of HIV treatment programs. Objectives: To evaluate the trend of the HIV drug resistance to InSTIs in a large cohort of HIV-positive people in order to assess the risk represented by these subjects in the spread of the HIV infection to the community. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted analysing all the InSTIs resistance tests performed in HIV positive subjects in the period 2017-2019 by the HIV Laboratory of the University Hospital "Gaetano Martino" of Messina, Italy. Results: In 2017-2019, 252 InSTIs resistance tests were performed of which 59 (23.4%), 88 (34.9%) and 105 (41.7%) respectively in the three considered years. Overall, 28 (11.1%) samples showed resistance to at least one of the four InSTIs. We observed a significant percentage increase of 95% about the resistance to all the four drugs. Conclusion: Because the InSTI resistance is not rare, a continuous surveillance can represent nowadays, together with an incessant health education and a wide offer of the HIV test, the most important tool in the fight against HIV infection.

scholarly journals Changing Patterns of Undiagnosed HIV Infection in the Netherlands: Who Benefits Most from Intensified HIV Test and Treat Policies?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e0133232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline L. M. Op de Coul ◽  
Imke Schreuder ◽  
Stefano Conti ◽  
Ard van Sighem ◽  
Maria Xiridou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Test And Treat ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Undiagnosed Hiv ◽  
Changing Patterns

Prevalence and correlates of HIV testing among college students: an exploratory study

Sexual Health ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Crosby ◽  
Kim H. Miller ◽  
Ruth R. Staten ◽  
Melody Noland
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Sexual Debut ◽  
Sexual Risk Behaviour ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Vaginal Sex

Objectives: Whether college students who are most at-risk of HIV infection are being tested is unknown. This exploratory study identified the prevalence and correlates of ever having an HIV test among college students. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a probability sample of 903 college students. Measures of sexual risk behaviour were assessed. Results: Of the students surveyed, 22.5% reported they had been tested for HIV. Testing was more likely among those 20 years of age or older (27.8% v. 14.7%; P = 0.0001), females (25.4% v. 17.8%; P = 0.01), and members of racial/ethnic minorities (42.7% v. 20.3%; P = 0.0001). After adjusting for these covariates, those who reported ever having vaginal sex (AOR = 5.5; 95% CI = 3.1–9.6); anal sex (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.6–3.6), and oral sex (AOR = 6.3; 95% CI = 3.0–13.3) were significantly more likely to report being tested. Students having vaginal sex in the past 12 months were significantly more likely to report testing (AOR = 5.3; 95% CI = 3.1–9.1). Those reporting vaginal sexual debut (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.2–3.1) or oral sexual debut (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1–2.5) ≤age 15 were significantly more likely to be tested. Students reporting four or more sex partners were significantly more likely to be tested than sexually experienced students reporting fewer partners (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI = 2.2–4.6). Finally, those reporting at least one episode of forced vaginal sex (AOR = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.1–7.2) and reporting at least one episode of any forced sex (vaginal, anal, oral) (AOR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.8–5.0) were significantly more likely to report being tested. Conclusions: Within this population, demographically controlled findings suggest that those most at-risk of HIV infection are indeed being tested for the virus.

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