scholarly journals Immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: evolving knowledge and its current statuss

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Saksena ◽  
Srinivasa Reddy Bonam ◽  
Monica Miranda-Saksena
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short Space ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Global Research

As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 is a new virus, the current knowledge on the immunopathogenesis of this newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 is beginning to unravel with intensive ongoing global research efforts. Although a plethora of new studies have been published in a short space of time describing how the virus causes disease and incurs insults on the host immune system and the underlying immunopathogenic mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Thus, the discussion in this review is based on the most current knowledge on the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 that has emerged in the past 12 months. The main objective is to shed light on the most current concepts in immunopathological aspects of the lung, bloodstream, and brain caused by the SARS-CoV-2, which has led to the current pandemic resulting in > 100 million infections and > 2 million deaths, and ongoing.

scholarly journals Molecular Pathogenesis of Hodgkin Lymphoma: Past, Present, Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Bienz ◽  
Salima Ramdani ◽  
Hans Knecht
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Genetic Instability ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
The Past

Our understanding of the tumorigenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and the formation of Reed–Sternberg cells (RS-cells) has evolved drastically in the last decades. More recently, a better characterization of the signaling pathways and the cellular interactions at play have paved the way for new targeted therapy in the hopes of improving outcomes. However, important gaps in knowledge remain that may hold the key for significant changes of paradigm in this lymphoma. Here, we discuss the past, present, and future of cHL, and review in detail the more recent discoveries pertaining to genetic instability, anti-apoptotic signaling pathways, the tumoral microenvironment, and host-immune system evasion in cHL.

scholarly journals Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Fan Yeh ◽  
Ying-Hsien Chen ◽  
Sheng-Fu Liu ◽  
Hsien-Li Kao ◽  
Ming-Shiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
And Function ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis.

scholarly journals Potential Roles of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles during Infection

mSphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luna S. Joffe ◽  
Leonardo Nimrichter ◽  
Marcio L. Rodrigues ◽  
Maurizio Del Poeta
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Invasive Fungal Diseases

ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by virtually all cell types. Within the past few years, work in this field has revealed more information about fungal EVs. Fungal EVs have been shown to carry proteins, lipids, pigments, polysaccharides, and RNA; these components are known virulence factors, a fact which supports the hypothesis that fungal EVs concentrate pathogenic determinants. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by virtually all cell types. Within the past few years, work in this field has revealed more information about fungal EVs. Fungal EVs have been shown to carry proteins, lipids, pigments, polysaccharides, and RNA; these components are known virulence factors, a fact which supports the hypothesis that fungal EVs concentrate pathogenic determinants. Additionally, recent studies have demonstrated that fungal EVs stimulate the host immune system. In this review, putative roles of fungal EVs are discussed, including their potential as vaccination tools and their possible contribution to pathogenesis in invasive fungal diseases.

scholarly journals Addressing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy - healthcare workers and trainees must be equipped for discussions about vaccines

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J Moszczynski ◽  
Matthew Hintermayer
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The Past

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged our world throughout the past year. As we end 2020 conversing with loved ones, the topic of COVID-19 vaccination is inevitable. Throughout the next year, our gradual return to a more familiar society will be influenced by vaccine compliance. It is therefore paramount that healthcare professionals and trainees are equipped with current knowledge to address the questions and concerns of our loved ones. The Holidays should be viewed as an opportunity to address misconceptions and questions. This brief review outlines some arguments for why a COVID-19 vaccine is necessary and clarifies some features of the current top vaccine candidates. By addressing the questions and concerns of our loved ones before they need to decide whether or not they will receive a COVID-19 vaccine, we lay the groundwork for them to make informed choices.

scholarly journals Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Ahmed Al-Shukaili ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
New Type

In December 2019 a new type of coronaviruses appeared in China and named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the disease associated with this virus is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19. Currently, COVID19 is the main global health threat. In this review, we focus in the current knowledge of immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Dysregulation of immune system, such as elevation levels of proinflammatory mediators and their roles in disease progression and pathogenesis as well as imbalance between innate and adaptive immune cells, are discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Glances in Immunology of HIV and HCV Infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Giovanna Quaranta ◽  
Benedetta Mattioli ◽  
Stefano Vella
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Research Field ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Since the identification of HIV and HCV much progress has been made in the understanding of their life cycle and interaction with the host immune system. Despite these viruses markedly differ in their virological properties and in their pathogenesis, they share many common features in their immune escape and survival strategy. Both viruses have developed sophisticated ways to subvert and antagonize host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last years, much effort has been done in the study of the AIDS pathogenesis and in the development of efficient treatment strategies, and a fatal infection has been transformed in a potentially chronic pathology. Much of this knowledge is now being transferred in the HCV research field, especially in the development of new drugs, although a big difference still remains between the outcome of the two infections, being HCV eradicable after treatment, whereas HIV eradication remains at present unachievable due to the establishment of reservoirs. In this review, we present current knowledge on innate and adaptive immune recognition and activation during HIV and HCV mono-infections and evasion strategies. We also discuss the genetic associations between components of the immune system, the course of infection, and the outcome of the therapies.

scholarly journals Chagas Disease: Still Many Unsolved Issues

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Álvarez ◽  
Raissa Fonseca ◽  
Henrique Borges da Silva ◽  
Cláudio R. F. Marinho ◽  
Karina R. Bortoluci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chronic Heart Disease

Over the past 20 years, the immune effector mechanisms involved in the control ofTrypanosoma cruzi, as well as the receptors participating in parasite recognition by cells of the innate immune system, have been largely described. However, the main questions on the physiopathology of Chagas disease remain unanswered: “Why does the host immune system fail to provide sterile immunity?” and “Why do only a proportion of infected individuals develop chronic pathology?” In this review, we describe the mechanisms proposed to explain the inability of the immune system to eradicate the parasite and the elements that allow the development of chronic heart disease. Moreover, we discuss the possibility that the inability of infected cardiomyocytes to sense intracellularT. cruzicontributes to parasite persistence in the heart and the development of chronic pathology.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Internalization in Osteoblast Cells: Mechanisms, Interactions and Biochemical Processes. What Did We Learn from Experimental Models?

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Stefano Stracquadanio ◽  
Nicolò Musso ◽  
Angelita Costantino ◽  
Lorenzo Mattia Lazzaro ◽  
Stefania Stefani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
System Response ◽  
Osteoblastic Cell ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Osteoblastic Cell Line

Bacterial internalization is a strategy that non-intracellular microorganisms use to escape the host immune system and survive inside the human body. Among bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus showed the ability to interact with and infect osteoblasts, causing osteomyelitis as well as bone and joint infection, while also becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotic therapy and a reservoir of bacteria that can make the infection difficult to cure. Despite being a serious issue in orthopedic surgery, little is known about the mechanisms that allow bacteria to enter and survive inside the osteoblasts, due to the lack of consistent experimental models. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about S. aureus internalization mechanisms and various aspects of the interaction between bacteria and osteoblasts (e.g., best experimental conditions, bacteria-induced damages and immune system response), focusing on studies performed using the MG-63 osteoblastic cell line, the best traditional (2D) model for the study of this phenomenon to date. At the same time, as it has been widely demonstrated that 2D culture systems are not completely indicative of the dynamic environment in vivo, and more recent 3D models—representative of bone infection—have also been investigated.

scholarly journals TRINITY OF SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS-2: ORIGIN, GENOTYPE, PHENOTYPE, AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-2019

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
MURUGAN NANDAGOPAL ◽  
ARULMOZHI BALAKRISHNAN ◽  
CHIRAYU PADHIAR
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Classification Structure

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or a novel coronavirus (2019-CoV) has prompted global health concerns. A pandemic resulted from the disease’s transmission through many routes. In this pandemic, the interaction between coronavirus and the host immune system, particularly the innate immune system, is becoming more prominent. Against viruses and pathogens, innate immunity serves as a first line of defense. Our understanding of pathogenesis will benefit from a better grasp of the mechanisms of immune evasion techniques. The origin, classification, structure, and method of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 were summarized in this paper. We have discussed the importance of important communications. In this review, we have discussed the function of important components of the innate immune system in COVID-19 infection, as well as how the virus evades innate immunity through multiple tactics and contributes to a wide range of clinical symptoms and outcomes.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Internalization in Osteoblast Cells: Mechanisms, Interactions and Biochemical Processes. What did We Learn from Experimental Models?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolò Musso ◽  
Stefano Stracquadanio ◽  
Angelita Costantino ◽  
Lorenzo Mattia Lazzaro ◽  
Stefania Stefani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
System Response ◽  
Osteoblastic Cell ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Osteoblastic Cell Line

Bacterial internalization is a strategy that non-intracellular microorganisms use to escape the host immune system and survive inside the human body. Among bacteria species, Staphylococcus aureus showed ability to interact and infect osteoblasts causing osteomyelitis as well as bone and joint infection, while also becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotic therapy and a reservoir of bacteria that can make the infection difficult to cure. Despite being a serious issue in orthopedic surgery, little is known about the mechanisms that allow bacteria to enter and survive inside the osteoblasts, also due to the lack of consistent experimental models. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about S. aureus internalization mechanisms and various aspects of the interaction between bacteria and osteoblasts (e.g. best experimental conditions, bacteria-induced damages and immune system response), focusing on studies performed using the MG-63 osteoblastic cell line, so far the best model for the study of this phenomenon.

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