scholarly journals Glances in Immunology of HIV and HCV Infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Giovanna Quaranta ◽  
Benedetta Mattioli ◽  
Stefano Vella
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Research Field ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Since the identification of HIV and HCV much progress has been made in the understanding of their life cycle and interaction with the host immune system. Despite these viruses markedly differ in their virological properties and in their pathogenesis, they share many common features in their immune escape and survival strategy. Both viruses have developed sophisticated ways to subvert and antagonize host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last years, much effort has been done in the study of the AIDS pathogenesis and in the development of efficient treatment strategies, and a fatal infection has been transformed in a potentially chronic pathology. Much of this knowledge is now being transferred in the HCV research field, especially in the development of new drugs, although a big difference still remains between the outcome of the two infections, being HCV eradicable after treatment, whereas HIV eradication remains at present unachievable due to the establishment of reservoirs. In this review, we present current knowledge on innate and adaptive immune recognition and activation during HIV and HCV mono-infections and evasion strategies. We also discuss the genetic associations between components of the immune system, the course of infection, and the outcome of the therapies.

scholarly journals Helicobacter pyloriand T Helper Cells: Mechanisms of Immune Escape and Tolerance

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Larussa ◽  
Isabella Leone ◽  
Evelina Suraci ◽  
Maria Imeneo ◽  
Francesco Luzza
Keyword(s):  
Immune Escape ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
T Helper Lymphocyte ◽  
H Pylori

Helicobacter pyloricolonizes the gastric mucosa of at least half of the human population, causing a worldwide infection that appears in early childhood and if not treated, it can persist for life. The presence of symptoms and their severity depend on bacterial components, host susceptibility, and environmental factors, which allowH. pylorito switch between commensalism and pathogenicity.H. pylori-driven interactions with the host immune system underlie the persistence of the infection in humans, since the bacterium is able to interfere with the activity of innate and adaptive immune cells, reducing the inflammatory response in its favour. Gastritis due toH. pyloriresults from a complex interaction between several T cell subsets. In particular,H. pyloriis known to induce a T helper (Th)1/Th17 cell response-driven gastritis, whose impaired modulation caused by the bacterium is thought to sustain the ongoing inflammatory condition and the unsuccessful clearing of the infection. In this review we discuss the current findings underlying the mechanisms implemented byH. pylorito alter the T helper lymphocyte proliferation, thus facilitating the development of chronic infections and allowing the survival of the bacterium in the human host.

scholarly journals Exploring the Role of Innate Lymphocytes in the Immune System of Bats and Virus-Host Interactions

Viruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Wan Rong Sia ◽  
Yichao Zheng ◽  
Fei Han ◽  
Shiwei Chen ◽  
Shaohua Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Lymphocytes

Bats are reservoirs of a large number of viruses of global public health significance, including the ancestral virus for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although bats are natural carriers of multiple pathogenic viruses, they rarely display signs of disease. Recent insights suggest that bats have a more balanced host defense and tolerance system to viral infections that may be linked to the evolutionary adaptation to powered flight. Therefore, a deeper understanding of bat immune system may provide intervention strategies to prevent zoonotic disease transmission and to identify new therapeutic targets. Similar to other eutherian mammals, bats have both innate and adaptive immune systems that have evolved to detect and respond to invading pathogens. Bridging these two systems are innate lymphocytes, which are highly abundant within circulation and barrier tissues. These cells share the characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells and are poised to mount rapid effector responses. They are ideally suited as the first line of defense against early stages of viral infections. Here, we will focus on the current knowledge of innate lymphocytes in bats, their function, and their potential role in host–pathogen interactions. Moreover, given that studies into bat immune systems are often hindered by a lack of bat-specific research tools, we will discuss strategies that may aid future research in bat immunity, including the potential use of organoid models to delineate the interplay between innate lymphocytes, bat viruses, and host tolerance.

scholarly journals Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Fan Yeh ◽  
Ying-Hsien Chen ◽  
Sheng-Fu Liu ◽  
Hsien-Li Kao ◽  
Ming-Shiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
And Function ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis.

scholarly journals Immune Escape Mechanisms and Future Prospects for Immunotherapy in Neuroblastoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thitinee Vanichapol ◽  
Somchai Chutipongtanate ◽  
Usanarat Anurathapan ◽  
Suradej Hongeng
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Adoptive Cell Therapy ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
T Cell Therapy ◽  
Cell Therapies

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood with 5-year survival rate of 40% in high-risk patients despite intensive therapies. Recently, adoptive cell therapy, particularly chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, represents a revolutionary treatment for hematological malignancies. However, there are challenges for this therapeutic strategy with solid tumors, as a result of the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to escape immune recognition or to modulate immune cell function. Several subtypes of immune cells that infiltrate tumors can foster tumor development, harbor immunosuppressive activity, and decrease an efficacy of adoptive cell therapies. Therefore, an understanding of the dual role of the immune system under the influences of the TME has been crucial for the development of effective therapeutic strategies against solid cancers. This review aims to depict key immune players and cellular pathways involved in the dynamic interplay between the TME and the immune system and also to address challenges and prospective development of adoptive T cell transfer for neuroblastoma.

scholarly journals Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Ahmed Al-Shukaili ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
New Type

In December 2019 a new type of coronaviruses appeared in China and named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the disease associated with this virus is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19. Currently, COVID19 is the main global health threat. In this review, we focus in the current knowledge of immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Dysregulation of immune system, such as elevation levels of proinflammatory mediators and their roles in disease progression and pathogenesis as well as imbalance between innate and adaptive immune cells, are discussed in this review.

scholarly journals ERK is a Pivotal Player of Chemo-Immune-Resistance in Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris C. Salaroglio ◽  
Eleonora Mungo ◽  
Elena Gazzano ◽  
Joanna Kopecka ◽  
Chiara Riganti
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Erk Signaling ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immune Resistance ◽  
Survival Pathways ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
And Migration

The extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs) act as pleiotropic molecules in tumors, where they activate pro-survival pathways leading to cell proliferation and migration, as well as modulate apoptosis, differentiation, and senescence. Given its central role as sensor of extracellular signals, ERK transduction system is widely exploited by cancer cells subjected to environmental stresses, such as chemotherapy and anti-tumor activity of the host immune system. Aggressive tumors have a tremendous ability to adapt and survive in stressing and unfavorable conditions. The simultaneous resistance to chemotherapy and immune system responses is common, and ERK signaling plays a key role in both types of resistance. In this review, we dissect the main ERK-dependent mechanisms and feedback circuitries that simultaneously determine chemoresistance and immune-resistance/immune-escape in cancer cells. We discuss the pros and cons of targeting ERK signaling to induce chemo-immune-sensitization in refractory tumors.

scholarly journals Coelomocytes: Biology and Possible Immune Functions in Invertebrates with Special Remarks on Nematodes

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qudsia Tahseen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Morphology And Structure

All metazoans are exposed to a wide range of microbes and have evolved complex immune defenses used to repel infectious agents. Coelomocytes play a key role in the defense reactions of most invertebrates. They are involved in important immune functions, such as phagocytosis, encapsulation, graft rejection, and inflammation, as well as the synthesis and secretion of several humoral factors especially in annelids and echinoderms. Coelomocytes in nematodes are variable in shapes from round, ovoid, cuboidal, and spindle-shaped to stellate or branched cells that are found usually at fixed positions in the pseudocoelom. Their number usually varies from 2 to 6. The model nematode,C. eleganslacks an adaptive immune system and the coelomocytes are capable of endocytosis, but their involvement in phagocytosis of bacteria seems unlikely. The aim of this review is to evaluate current knowledge on coelomocytes of invertebrates with special reference to nematodes. The morphology and structure of these coelomocytes are discussed along with their origin. Their relative positions and diversity in different nematode groups have also been discussed and illustrated.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Internalization in Osteoblast Cells: Mechanisms, Interactions and Biochemical Processes. What Did We Learn from Experimental Models?

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Stefano Stracquadanio ◽  
Nicolò Musso ◽  
Angelita Costantino ◽  
Lorenzo Mattia Lazzaro ◽  
Stefania Stefani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
System Response ◽  
Osteoblastic Cell ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Osteoblastic Cell Line

Bacterial internalization is a strategy that non-intracellular microorganisms use to escape the host immune system and survive inside the human body. Among bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus showed the ability to interact with and infect osteoblasts, causing osteomyelitis as well as bone and joint infection, while also becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotic therapy and a reservoir of bacteria that can make the infection difficult to cure. Despite being a serious issue in orthopedic surgery, little is known about the mechanisms that allow bacteria to enter and survive inside the osteoblasts, due to the lack of consistent experimental models. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about S. aureus internalization mechanisms and various aspects of the interaction between bacteria and osteoblasts (e.g., best experimental conditions, bacteria-induced damages and immune system response), focusing on studies performed using the MG-63 osteoblastic cell line, the best traditional (2D) model for the study of this phenomenon to date. At the same time, as it has been widely demonstrated that 2D culture systems are not completely indicative of the dynamic environment in vivo, and more recent 3D models—representative of bone infection—have also been investigated.

scholarly journals Next generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors and beyond

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian A. Marin-Acevedo ◽  
ErinMarie O. Kimbrough ◽  
Yanyan Lou
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Death Receptor ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immune Recognition

AbstractThe immune system is the core defense against cancer development and progression. Failure of the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Tumor cells evade immune recognition, in part, due to the immunosuppressive features of the tumor microenvironment. Immunotherapy augments the host immune system to generate an antitumor effect. Immune checkpoints are pathways with inhibitory or stimulatory features that maintain self-tolerance and assist with immune response. The most well-described checkpoints are inhibitory in nature and include the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Molecules that block these pathways to enhance the host immunologic activity against tumors have been developed and become standard of care in the treatment of many malignancies. Only a small percentage of patients have meaningful responses to these treatments, however. New pathways and molecules are being explored in an attempt to improve responses and application of immune checkpoint inhibition therapy. In this review, we aim to elucidate these novel immune inhibitory pathways, potential therapeutic molecules that are under development, and outline particular advantages and challenges with the use of each one of them.

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