scholarly journals Reliability of cluster head node based upon parametric constraints in underwater acoustic sensor networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
Gaurav Sharma ◽  
Shilpi Harnal ◽  
Neha Miglani ◽  
Savita Khurana
Keyword(s):  
Network Reliability ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Rate Transmission ◽  
Head Node ◽  
Network Technologies ◽  
Energy Consumption Simulation

Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) has emerged as one of the most popular network technologies owing to its applicability to offshore searches, and underwater monitoring and exploration applications. It has been shown to be useful in the fields of investigations and surveillance, and in assisting with and offering solutions to water-based calamities. Reliability in the underwater environment has caused researchers to direct attention towards improving the overall efficiency and energy utilisation of the network. In the present paper, reliable node quester (RNQ) algorithm has been formulated to calculate the node reliability for numerous parameters such as success rate, transmission time, and the affordability, congestion and stability of the nodes. The present paper highlights the data-forwarding mechanism of the nodes to enhance overall network reliability by (i) reducing the packet drop rate; (ii) increasing the packet delivery ratio; and (iii) minimising the energy consumption. Simulation results further support the proposed strategy by ensuring the network lifespan and detection accuracy.

scholarly journals APSSR: Adaptive Packet Size Selection Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2313-2323
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Delivery ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Packet Size ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Selection Of

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks offer very promising solutions to monitor the aqueous environments. Due to the distinctive characteristics of UASNs, it is very challenging to design a routing protocol that can achieve maximum data delivery ratio in the network. The main challenge is the communication medium (acoustic links) that is subject to temporary attenuation and high bit error rate (BER), which limits the throughput efficiency of the Network. Besides this, another major issue is the continuous movement of nodes due to water currents and the availability of limited resources. Due to nodes mobility distance among sensor nodes and consequently, BER varies, which have a direct impact on packet size, hence, leads to high packet loss and low data delivery ratio. To achieve a high data delivery ratio, the selection of optimal packet size is of utmost importance. Consequently, the selection of next-hop forwarding node based on optimal packet size is needed. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an adaptive routing protocol named Adaptive Packet Size Selection Based Routing (APSSR) Protocol for UASNs. APSSR determines the optimal packet size adaptively based on both varying distances between sensor nodes and BER and selects the next hop based on optimal packet size and BER. The simulation results show greater network performance in terms of Network Lifetime, Data Reception Ratio at Sink node, Average Network Delay, Packet Reception Ratio, and Packets Drop Ratio

FLCEER

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-101
Author(s):  
Sathishkumar Natesan ◽  
Rajakumar Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Offshore Oil

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN) play a crucial role in various applications such as tsunami detection, surveillance of the ocean by the defense department, monitoring offshore oil, and identifying gas basins underwater. UASNs can be one of the supporting infrastructures for the Internet of Things (IoT). UASNs have the problems of long latency, high bit error rate, and low bandwidth. These pose various challenges such as high consumption of energy, low reliability, low packet retransmission, and high delay for UASNs. To overcome the shortcomings mentioned above, various approaches are suggested. This article proposes a multi-layer fuzzy logic cluster-based energy-efficient routing protocol for UASNs. It splits the network area into equal sized rings. The priority number (PRN) is utilized for all underwater cluster heads (UCHs). Based on the highest PRN, the UCH starts communicating among UCHs. Here, the PRN makes the task very selective avoiding collisions and also reducing propagation delays. The cluster formation is done by sending a message to all underwater cluster members (UCMs) and the selection of UCH and UCM are done. Each has a threshold value. The intra-ring clustering process splits a ring into equal-sized clusters. Additionally, inter-cluster routing applies the fuzzy logic metrics to choose the optimum data route in transferring the data from the underwater cluster head (UCH) to the sink node (SN). It is tested using Aqua-Sim simulation which is based on NS2. It is compared with an existing protocol such as multi-layer cluster energy efficient (MLCEE), depth-based routing (DBR), energy efficient DBR (EEDBR). The results prove that it has improved energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, throughput, and the network's lifetime.

scholarly journals Routing Protocols in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: A Quantitative Comparison

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangjie Han ◽  
Na Bao ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Daqiang Zhang ◽  
Lei Shu
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Delivery ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Control Packets

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) have drawn great attention for their potential value in ocean monitoring and offshore exploration. In order to make the underwater application possible, the unique characteristics of underwater acoustic channels and continuous node movement inspired the emergence of routing protocols for underwater environment. In this paper, we introduce and compare four prominent routing protocols proposed for UASNs, namely, H2-DAB, GEDAR, E-PULRP, and PER. Performances of the routing protocols are evaluated in terms of the average number of control packets, end-to-end delay, data delivery ratio, and total energy consumption. The impact of water currents on the routing algorithms is also analyzed in our simulation. Experimental results demonstrate that E-PULRP provides high data delivery ratio at the cost of end-to-end delay. H2-DAB has better real-time performance for minimal delay transmission. GEDAR efficiently addresses the problem of void region without introducing extra energy. PER requires the most control packets in the process of routing establishment. Our work aims to provide useful insights to select appropriate routing protocols to fulfil different application requirements in UASNs.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Mobility Prediction Routing Protocol for Freely Floating Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghida Jubran Alqahtani ◽  
Fatma Bouabdallah
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Mobility Prediction ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Forwarding ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in monitoring and exploring underwater environments for scientific applications such as oceanographic data collection, marine surveillance, and pollution detection. Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have been proposed as the enabling technology to observe, map, and explore the ocean. The unique characteristics of underwater aquatic environments such as low bandwidth, long propagation delays, and high energy consumption make the data forwarding process very difficult. Moreover, the mobility of the underwater sensors is considered an additional constraint for the success of the data forwarding process. That being said, most of the data forwarding protocols do not realistically consider the dynamic topology of underwater environment as sensor nodes move with the water currents, which is a natural phenomenon. In this research, we propose a mobility prediction optimal data forwarding (MPODF) protocol for UASNs based on mobility prediction. Indeed, by considering a realistic, physically inspired mobility model, our protocol succeeds to forward every generated data packet through one single best path without the need to exchange notification messages, thanks to the mobility prediction module. Simulation results show that our protocol achieves a high packet delivery ratio, high energy efficiency, and reduced end-to-end delay.

Fuzzy Sets Based Cluster Routing Protocol For Internet of Things

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.Sankar ◽  
P.Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Head Node

Increasing the lifetime of low power and lossy networks (LLN) is a major challenge, as the nodes have low power, low memory, and low processing capacity. Clustering is a technique used to minimize the energy consumption of sensor nodes. This article proposes a fuzzy sets-based cluster routing protocol (FC-RPL) to extend the network lifetime in LLN. It has three processes: cluster formation, cluster head selection, and cluster head parent selection. It forms the clusters based on the Euclidean distance. It applies the fuzzy set over the metrics residual energy, number of neighbors and centrality, to select the cluster head in each cluster. The cluster head node chooses the best parent node in the DODAG for data transfer. The simulation is performed using COOJA simulator. The simulation result shows that FC-RPL extends the network lifetime by 15-25% and increases the packet delivery ratio by 2-6%.

scholarly journals Itinerary Aware Data Delivery Technique for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 593-597
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Delivery ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Delivery Technique

Monitoring and maintaining aquatic environment is the universal need and Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASN) is an emerging technology plays a major role in acoustic data acquistion. The data acquisition is challenging issue in UASN due to its communication characteristics. Though, there are several geo-opportunistic routing protocols were explored to improve the data acquisition it can be still improved by enhanced routing technique. The existing Geo-graphical depth adjustment routing (GEDAR) uses Global Positioning System(GPS) based notes for improving data acquisition, however it consumes more energy and increases overhead. We make an attempt to study about efficient data acquisition process and its path reliability. The proposed Itinerary aware routing protocol(IARP) acquires neighboring node’s information for constructing efficient and reliable link with minimum information which improves data delivery ratio with minimum energy consumption. The proposed IARP increases 11% packet delivery ratio and reduces delay by 13%, and energy consumption by 9% comparing with existing GEDAR based algorithm. IARP also performs better than Depth based routing (DBR).

Fault Tolerant Reliable Protocol (FTRP) Performance Evaluation in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Extensitive Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Good Performer ◽  
Wide Range

Fault Tolerant Reliable Protocol (FTRP) is proposed as a novel routing protocol designed for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). FTRP offers fault tolerance reliability for packet exchange and support for dynamic network changes. The key concept used is the use of node logical clustering. The protocol delegates the routing ownership to the cluster heads where fault tolerance functionality is implemented. FTRP utilizes cluster head nodes along with cluster head groups to store packets in transient. In addition, FTRP utilizes broadcast, which reduces the message overhead as compared to classical flooding mechanisms. FTRP manipulates Time to Live values for the various routing messages to control message broadcast. FTRP utilizes jitter in messages transmission to reduce the effect of synchronized node states, which in turn reduces collisions. FTRP performance has been extensively through simulations against Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Optimized Link State (OLSR) routing protocols. Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Aggregate Throughput and End-to-End delay (E-2-E) had been used as performance metrics. In terms of PDR and aggregate throughput, it is found that FTRP is an excellent performer in all mobility scenarios whether the network is sparse or dense. In stationary scenarios, FTRP performed well in sparse network; however, in dense network FTRP’s performance had degraded yet in an acceptable range. This degradation is attributed to synchronized nodes states. Reliably delivering a message comes to a cost, as in terms of E-2-E. results show that FTRP is considered a good performer in all mobility scenarios where the network is sparse. In sparse stationary scenario, FTRP is considered good performer, however in dense stationary scenarios FTRP’s E-2-E is not acceptable. There are times when receiving a network message is more important than other costs such as energy or delay. That makes FTRP suitable for wide range of WSNs applications, such as military applications by monitoring soldiers’ biological data and supplies while in battlefield and battle damage assessment. FTRP can also be used in health applications in addition to wide range of geo-fencing, environmental monitoring, resource monitoring, production lines monitoring, agriculture and animals tracking. FTRP should be avoided in dense stationary deployments such as, but not limited to, scenarios where high application response is critical and life endangering such as biohazards detection or within intensive care units.

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