scholarly journals Routing Protocols in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: A Quantitative Comparison

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangjie Han ◽  
Na Bao ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Daqiang Zhang ◽  
Lei Shu
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Delivery ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Control Packets

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) have drawn great attention for their potential value in ocean monitoring and offshore exploration. In order to make the underwater application possible, the unique characteristics of underwater acoustic channels and continuous node movement inspired the emergence of routing protocols for underwater environment. In this paper, we introduce and compare four prominent routing protocols proposed for UASNs, namely, H2-DAB, GEDAR, E-PULRP, and PER. Performances of the routing protocols are evaluated in terms of the average number of control packets, end-to-end delay, data delivery ratio, and total energy consumption. The impact of water currents on the routing algorithms is also analyzed in our simulation. Experimental results demonstrate that E-PULRP provides high data delivery ratio at the cost of end-to-end delay. H2-DAB has better real-time performance for minimal delay transmission. GEDAR efficiently addresses the problem of void region without introducing extra energy. PER requires the most control packets in the process of routing establishment. Our work aims to provide useful insights to select appropriate routing protocols to fulfil different application requirements in UASNs.

scholarly journals Itinerary Aware Data Delivery Technique for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 593-597
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Delivery ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Delivery Technique

Monitoring and maintaining aquatic environment is the universal need and Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASN) is an emerging technology plays a major role in acoustic data acquistion. The data acquisition is challenging issue in UASN due to its communication characteristics. Though, there are several geo-opportunistic routing protocols were explored to improve the data acquisition it can be still improved by enhanced routing technique. The existing Geo-graphical depth adjustment routing (GEDAR) uses Global Positioning System(GPS) based notes for improving data acquisition, however it consumes more energy and increases overhead. We make an attempt to study about efficient data acquisition process and its path reliability. The proposed Itinerary aware routing protocol(IARP) acquires neighboring node’s information for constructing efficient and reliable link with minimum information which improves data delivery ratio with minimum energy consumption. The proposed IARP increases 11% packet delivery ratio and reduces delay by 13%, and energy consumption by 9% comparing with existing GEDAR based algorithm. IARP also performs better than Depth based routing (DBR).

scholarly journals APSSR: Adaptive Packet Size Selection Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2313-2323
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Delivery ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Packet Size ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Selection Of

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks offer very promising solutions to monitor the aqueous environments. Due to the distinctive characteristics of UASNs, it is very challenging to design a routing protocol that can achieve maximum data delivery ratio in the network. The main challenge is the communication medium (acoustic links) that is subject to temporary attenuation and high bit error rate (BER), which limits the throughput efficiency of the Network. Besides this, another major issue is the continuous movement of nodes due to water currents and the availability of limited resources. Due to nodes mobility distance among sensor nodes and consequently, BER varies, which have a direct impact on packet size, hence, leads to high packet loss and low data delivery ratio. To achieve a high data delivery ratio, the selection of optimal packet size is of utmost importance. Consequently, the selection of next-hop forwarding node based on optimal packet size is needed. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an adaptive routing protocol named Adaptive Packet Size Selection Based Routing (APSSR) Protocol for UASNs. APSSR determines the optimal packet size adaptively based on both varying distances between sensor nodes and BER and selects the next hop based on optimal packet size and BER. The simulation results show greater network performance in terms of Network Lifetime, Data Reception Ratio at Sink node, Average Network Delay, Packet Reception Ratio, and Packets Drop Ratio

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Mobility Prediction Routing Protocol for Freely Floating Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghida Jubran Alqahtani ◽  
Fatma Bouabdallah
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Mobility Prediction ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Forwarding ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in monitoring and exploring underwater environments for scientific applications such as oceanographic data collection, marine surveillance, and pollution detection. Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have been proposed as the enabling technology to observe, map, and explore the ocean. The unique characteristics of underwater aquatic environments such as low bandwidth, long propagation delays, and high energy consumption make the data forwarding process very difficult. Moreover, the mobility of the underwater sensors is considered an additional constraint for the success of the data forwarding process. That being said, most of the data forwarding protocols do not realistically consider the dynamic topology of underwater environment as sensor nodes move with the water currents, which is a natural phenomenon. In this research, we propose a mobility prediction optimal data forwarding (MPODF) protocol for UASNs based on mobility prediction. Indeed, by considering a realistic, physically inspired mobility model, our protocol succeeds to forward every generated data packet through one single best path without the need to exchange notification messages, thanks to the mobility prediction module. Simulation results show that our protocol achieves a high packet delivery ratio, high energy efficiency, and reduced end-to-end delay.

scholarly journals PC-MAC: A Prescheduling and Collision-Avoided MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Jin ◽  
Shenyang Xiao ◽  
Yishan Su ◽  
Yajing Li
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Collision Probability ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
Control Packet ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Packets

The impact of the acoustic modem with long preamble characteristic on the collision feature of the media access control scheme in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UANs) is evaluated. It is observed that the collision probability is relatively high due to the extremely long duration of preamble. As a result, UANs generally have much lower network throughput. To address this problem, a prescheduling MAC protocol named PC-MAC for UANs is proposed, which leverages a novel prescheduling scheme for the exchange of control packet to alleviate the collision probability among control packets. PC-MAC is a reservation-based channel access scheme. In the proposed protocol, an extra guard time is introduced to avoid the influence of dynamic spatial-temporal uncertainty of the sender and receiver positions. Simulation results show that PC-MAC outperforms classic reservation-based MAC protocol named SFAMA in terms of network goodput and end-to-end delay and lowers collision probability among control packets in two representative network scenarios.

Application Research on Aqua-Sim for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 605-607 ◽  
pp. 1046-1049
Author(s):  
Tong Qing Liu ◽  
Guang Jie Han ◽  
Chuan Zhu ◽  
Chen Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Graphical User Interface ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Application Research ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
3D Network ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Channels

In this paper, we present a simulator based on NS2 for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs), named Aqua-Sim, which simulates the attenuation of underwater acoustic channels and the collision behaviors effectively. In addition, Aqua-Sim supports 3D network deployment and provides some MAC and routing protocols. Through communication between two nodes and localization of unknown nodes, the application examples of Aqua-Sim are shown. We also present the graphical user interface of Aqua-3D using an example application.

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